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IEEE International Conference on Problems of Informatics, Electronics and Radio Engineering (PIERE)

Transitions of a Quantum Harmonic Oscillator as a Result of Interaction with an Ultrashort Pulse Field

Dmitry N. Makarov, Mikhail Y. Arkhipov, Polina A. Stremilova

Published Nov 15, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum harmonic oscillator is a model system that is actively used in many applications of quantum and nonlinear physics, molecular chemistry and biophysics. In this paper, a formula is obtained for the probability amplitude of the transition of a quantum harmonic oscillator from an oscillatory state with the number$\nu$to a state with the number$\nu+n$, which is affected by an external force depending on time using a method based on the Magnus and Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff decomposition. A formula is obtained for the special case of interaction of a quantum harmonic oscillator with an ultrashort pulse field. As an example, graphs of the probabilities of the oscillator transition from the first oscillatory state to the second and third, the average energy received and the rms fluctuation of the energy received for different values of the ratio of the carrier frequency of the pulse and the frequency of the oscillator are constructed. Conclusions are drawn about the correctness of using the concept of average energy in relation to this problem.

DOI
10.1109/piere62470.2024.10804992

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The quantum harmonic oscillator is a model system that is actively used in many applications of quantum and nonlinear physics, molecular chemistry and biophysics. In this paper, a formula is obtained for the probability amplitude of the transition of a quantum harmonic oscillator from an oscillatory state with the numberν\nuνto a state with the numberν+n\nu+nν+n, which is affected by an external force depending on time using a method based on the Magnus and Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff decomposition. A formula is obtained for the special case of interaction of a quantum harmonic oscillator with an ultrashort pulse field. As an example, graphs of the probabilities of the oscillator transition from the first oscillatory state to the second and third, the average energy received and the rms fluctuation of the energy received for different values of the ratio of the carrier frequency of the pulse and the frequency of the oscillator are constructed. Conclusions are drawn about the correctness of using the concept of average energy in relation to this problem.
To understand the time-dependent process in quantum mechanics, an exact expression for the dynamical change of the transition probability and the expectation value of the oscillation energy are presented for the system of the charged harmonic oscillator interacting with an external field through the electric dipole interaction of either type A・p or E・r. The oscillating wave packet is shown to be made from an eigenfunction of the free oscillator Hamiltonian by the interaction during some time. The off-resonance, difference between the field frequency and the proper frequency of the oscillator, controls the number of basis states significant in the transient process. Even on complete resonance, the golden rule holds true only for a short duration and all other nonresonant basis states participate in turn as the interaction time elapses. The difference between two types of dipole interaction exists certainly in the probability distribution in the basis states and the oscillation energy, though it does not in the total current of the oscillator.
We have obtained explicit analytical formulas for the mean energy and its variance (characterizing the energy fluctuations) of a quantum harmonic oscillator with time-dependent frequency in the adiabatic regimes after the frequency passes through zero. The behavior of energy turns out to be quite different in two cases: when the frequency remains real and when it becomes imaginary. In the first case, the mean energy always increases when the frequency returns to its initial value, and the increment coefficient is determined by the exponent in the power law of the frequency crossing zero. On the other hand, if the frequency becomes imaginary, the absolute value of mean energy increases exponentially, even in the adiabatic regime, unless the Hamiltonian becomes time independent. Small corrections to the leading terms of simple adiabatic approximate formulas are crucial in this case, due to the unstable nature of the motion.
The paper is devoted to the theoretical investigation of time dependences of quantum oscillator excitation by electromagnetic pulses for arbitrary values of field amplitude in the pulse. We consider the harmonic oscillator without relaxation and excitation between stationary states. The general formula for excitation of quantum states as function of time is derived in terms of instant energy of associated classical oscillator in the field of electromagnetic pulse. Thus, it is established that time dependence of quantum oscillator excitation is completely determined by the energy of the associated classical oscillator at given moment of time. Using derived expression time dependence of quantum oscillator excitation is investigated in details including total excitation from ground state, excitation from excited states, total excitation probability and corresponding excitation spectra.
A harmonic oscillator subject to a parametric pulse is examined. The aim of the paper is to present a new theory for analysing transitions caused by parametric pulses. The new theoretical notions which are introduced relate the pulse parameters in a direct way with transition matrix elements. The harmonic-oscillator transitions are expressed in terms of the asymptotic properties of a companion oscillator, the Milne (amplitude) oscillator. A traditional phase-amplitude decomposition of the harmonic-oscillator solutions results in the so-called Milne's equation for the amplitude, and the phase is determined by an exact relation to the amplitude. This approach is extended in the present analysis with new relevant concepts and parameters for pulse dynamics of classical and quantal systems. The amplitude oscillator has a particularly nice numerical behaviour. In the case of strong pulses it does not possess any of the fast oscillations induced by the pulse on the original harmonic oscillator. Furthermore, the new dynamical parameters introduced in this approach are closely related to the relevant characteristics of the pulse. The relevance to quantum mechanical problems such as reflection and transmission from a localized well and the mechanical problem of controlling vibrations is illustrated.
The transitions between stationary states in multilevel quantum system under the influence of an alternating external electric field are considered in this work. Herewith the strength of external electric field changes with time by the harmonic law. The analytical expressions for quantum transitions probabilities of a system are given at the third order of perturbation theory. The dependencies of quantum transitions probabilities and average energy of a system upon interaction time and frequency of field are investigated in the case when the system is a charged particle in rectangular infinitely deep potential pit.