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Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences

Expectation values and Fisher information theoretic measures of heavy flavoured mesons

E. Omugbe, Etido Patrick Inyang, Arezu Jahanshir, C. A. Onate, Cecilia N. Isonguyo, Edwin Samson Eyube, U. S. Okorie, R. Horchani, Akpan N. Ikot

Published Dec 24, 2024• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The expectation values play important role in atomic physics and quantum mechanics. They are vital to obtaining the quantum information theoretic measures, Compton profile, electronic kinetic energy, Langevin-Pauli diamagnetic susceptibility, Dirac exchange energy and so on. In this work, however, we utilized the bound state solutions of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation under the Cornell potential to obtain the expectation values using two analytical methods such as the integral approach and the Hellmann-Feynman theorem method. We applied the mean values to obtain the Fisher information theoretic measures for the Charmonium and Bottomonium mesons. We found that the mean values and probability densities are sensitive to the meson masses and the principal quantum number for fixed orbital quantum states. The Dirac exchange and the kinetic energies obey the lowest bound inequalities for 3D atomic systems. Also, the results obey the Fisher uncertainty product, Cramer-Rao and the Heisenberg uncertainty inequalities for 3D quantum systems.

DOI
10.46481/jnsps.2025.2350

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The expectation values play important role in atomic physics and quantum mechanics. They are vital to obtaining the quantum information theoretic measures, Compton profile, electronic kinetic energy, Langevin-Pauli diamagnetic susceptibility, Dirac exchange energy and so on. In this work, however, we utilized the bound state solutions of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation under the Cornell potential to obtain the expectation values using two analytical methods such as the integral approach and the Hellmann-Feynman theorem method. We applied the mean values to obtain the Fisher information theoretic measures for the Charmonium and Bottomonium mesons. We found that the mean values and probability densities are sensitive to the meson masses and the principal quantum number for fixed orbital quantum states. The Dirac exchange and the kinetic energies obey the lowest bound inequalities for 3D atomic systems. Also, the results obey the Fisher uncertainty product, Cramer-Rao and the Heisenberg uncertainty inequalities for 3D quantum systems.
Rigorous and universal bounds on frequency moments of one-particle densities in terms of radial expectation values in the conjugate space are obtained. The results, valid for any d-dimensional quantum-mechanical system, are derived by using Rényi-like position-momentum inequalities in an information-theoretical framework. Especially interesting are the upper bounds on the Dirac exchange and Thomas-Fermi kinetic energies, as well as the disequilibrium or self-similarity of both position and momentum distributions. A variety of bounds for these functionals in a given space are known, but most usually in terms of quantities defined within the same space. Very few results including a density functional on one space, and expectation values on the conjugate one, are found in the literature. A pioneering bound on the disequilibrium in terms of the kinetic energy is improved in this work. A numerical study of the aforementioned relationships is carried out for atomic systems in their ground state. Some results are given in terms of relevant physical quantities, including the kinetic and electron-nucleus attraction energies, the diamagnetic susceptibility and the height of the peak of the Compton profile, among others.
The eigensolutions of the Schrödinger equation under the Varshni potential function are studied with two eigensolution techniques such as the Nikiforov–Uvarov and the semi-classical WKB approximation methods. We extended the work to investigate the analytical and numerical Fisher information measure of complexities and also the expectations values using the Hellmann–Feynman theorem. We determined the transmission coefficient using the WKB method. The WKB energy levels and mean values fluctuate with the potential range compared with the NU derived values. Our results for the Fisher information measure obey the uncertainty relation I(ρ)I(γ)≥36 and the Cramer–Rao inequality for position space (I(ρ)⟨r2⟩≥9). The mean values conform to the ones reported in existing literature.
The bound-state solution of the radial Klein-Gordon equation has been obtained under the interaction of an exponential-type and Yukawa potential functions. The Greene-Aldrich approximation has been used to overcome the centrifugal barrier and enable the analytical solutions of the energy and wave functions in closed form. The momentum space wave function in D dimensions has been constructed using the Fourier transform. The mean values have been conjectured for the position and momentum spaces using two equivalent equations. The effects of the potential parameters on the expectation values and quantum information measurement have been investigated. For the 1D case, the results obey the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Fisher, Shannon, Onicescu, and the Rényi entropic inequalities. Other information complexities measures, such as Shannon Power, Fisher-Shannon, and Lopez-Ruiz-Mancini-Calbet, have been verified. For the ground state, the 1D momentum expectation value [Formula: see text] coincides with the 3D [Formula: see text] values, which is an indication of degeneracy. The total energy of a particle in both 1D and 3D space may be degenerate due to the inter-dimensional degeneracy of the quantum numbers. However, in this present result, the degeneracy in 1D and 3D occurred for fixed quantum states at different momentum intervals. Thus, in 1D, a particle may transit an entire space ([Formula: see text] with a certain kinetic energy, which must be equal to its kinetic energy if it moves through the interval [Formula: see text] in 3D space. This may have implications for kinetic energy degeneracy in higher dimensions.
By interpolating between Fisher information and mechanical kinetic energy, we introduce a general notion of kinetic energy with respect to a parameter of Schrödinger wavefunctions from a statistical inference perspective. Kinetic energy is the sum of Fisher information and an integral of a parametrized analogue of quantum mechanical current density related to phase. A family of integral inequalities concerning kinetic energy and moments are established, among which the Cramér–Rao inequality and the Weyl–Heisenberg inequality, are special cases. In particular, the integral inequalities involving the negative order moments are relevant to the study of electron systems. Moreover, by specifying the parameter to a scale, we obtain a family of inequalities of uncertainty relation type which incorporate the position and momentum observables symmetrically in a single quantity.
The Klein–Gordon equation for spinless particles, as well as the Weyl–Pauli and Dirac equations for particles with spin, may be derived from one information-theoretic principle. Consider a gedanken experiment whereby the mean position of a particle in a central force field is to be estimated by means of one position measurement. An efficient (optimum) estimate obeys a condition of minimum Fisher information, or minimum precision, according to the second law of thermodynamics. When the Fisher information is minimized subject to a constraint on the mean-square kinetic energy for the particle, the solution is a probability law on position whose corresponding wave amplitude obeys the Klein-Gordon equation, the Weyl–Pauli equation, or the Dirac equation, depending on whether scalar (without spin) or vector (with spin) solutions are sought. The minimized Fisher information is proportional to the mean-square kinetic energy, minus the rest energy of the particle.
Using Schrödinger’s formalism, we investigate the quantum eigenstates of the heavy mesons trapped by a point-like defect and by Cornell’s potential. One implements this defect to the model considering a spherical metric profile coupled to it. Furthermore, the Nikiforov–Uvarov method is applied to theory to study the quantum eigenstates of the heavy mesons. To calculate the quantum information entropy (QIE), one considers the wave functions that describe the charmonium and bottomonium states. To explore the QIE, we use the well-known Shannon’s entropy formulated at the position and reciprocal space. The analysis of the QIE gives us relevant information about how the quantum information change with the variation of the point-like defect. Consequently, considering the Bialynicki-Birula and Mycielski (BBM) relation, we show how this defect influences the quarkonium position and momentum uncertainty measures.