Random Number Generators are software or hardware components that allow the production of unpredictable number sequences without any pattern or relationship between them. Various studies have been conducted with different techniques regarding RNG. In these studies, the difficulties of random number generation and the high cost negatively affect the efficiency of the developed generators. Many different methods have been used in real random number generation, and even quantum random number generators have been developed to make predictability difficult. Quantum Random Number Generators; are a tepe of generator based on the laws of Quantum physics instead of classical physics. In photonic-based RNG, random numbers are generated after various software and hardware operations by utilizing the uncertainty of photons. This study, it is aimed to develop a true random number generator using chemical reactions that have not been studied before. Data was produced by using sensors and other hardware elements together, the values produced were taken as seed values and assigned as input to the algorithm used in generating random numbers, and true random numbers were produced and these numbers were tested in detail with known test methods.
Random Number Generators are software or hardware components that allow the production of unpredictable number sequences without any pattern or relationship between them. Various studies have been conducted with different techniques regarding RNG. In these studies, the difficulties of random number generation and the high cost negatively affect the efficiency of the developed generators. Many different methods have been used in real random number generation, and even quantum random number generators have been developed to make predictability difficult. Quantum Random Number Generators; are a tepe of generator based on the laws of Quantum physics instead of classical physics. In photonic-based RNG, random numbers are generated after various software and hardware operations by utilizing the uncertainty of photons. This study, it is aimed to develop a true random number generator using chemical reactions that have not been studied before. Data was produced by using sensors and other hardware elements together, the values produced were taken as seed values and assigned as input to the algorithm used in generating random numbers, and true random numbers were produced and these numbers were tested in detail with known test methods.
Random numbers are fundamental elements in different fields of science and technology such as computer simulation like Monte Carlo-method simulation, statistical sampling, cryptography, games and gambling, and other areas where unpredictable results are necessary. Random number generators (RNG) are generally classified as “pseudo”-random number generators (PRNG) and "truly" random number generators (TRNG). Pseudo random numbers are generated by computer algorithms with a (random) seed and a specific formula. The random numbers produced in this way (with a small degree of unpredictability) are good enough for some applications such as computer simulation. However, for some other applications like cryptography they are not completely reliable. When the seed is revealed, the entire sequence of numbers can be produced. The periodicity is also an undesirable property of PRNGs that can be disregarded for most practical purposes if the sequence recurs after a very long period. However, the predictability still remains a tremendous disadvantage of this type of generators. Truly random numbers, on the other hand, can be generated through physical sources of randomness like flipping a coin. However, the approaches exploiting classical motion and classical physics to generate random numbers possess a deterministic nature that is transferred to the generated random numbers. The best solution is to benefit from the assets of indeterminacy and randomness in quantum physics. Based on the quantum theory, the properties of a particle cannot be determined with arbitrary precision until a measurement is carried out. The result of a measurement, therefore, remains unpredictable and random. Optical phenomena including photons as the quanta of light have various random, non-deterministic properties. These properties include the polarization of the photons, the exact number of photons impinging a detector and the photon arrival times. Such intrinsically random properties can be exploited to generate truly random numbers. Silicon (Si) is considered as an interesting material in integrated optics. Microelectronic chips made from Si are cheap and easy to mass-fabricate, and can be densely integrated. Si integrated optical chips, that can generate, modulate, process and detect light signals, exploit the benefits of Si while also being fully compatible with electronic. Since many electronic components can be integrated into a single chip, Si is an ideal candidate for the production of small, powerful devices. By complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the fabrication of compact and mass manufacturable devices with integrated components on the Si platform is achievable. In this thesis we aim to model, study and fabricate a compact photonic quantum random number generator (QRNG) on the Si platform that is able to generate high quality, "truly" random numbers. The proposed QRNG is based on a Si light source (LED) coupled with a Si single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) or an array of SPADs which is called Si photomultiplier (SiPM). Various implementations of QRNG have been developed reaching an ultimate geometry where both the source and the SPAD are integrated on the same chip and fabricated by the same process. This activity was performed within the project SiQuro—on Si chip quantum optics for quantum computing and secure communications—which aims to bring the quantum world into integrated photonics. By using the same successful paradigm of microelectronics—the study and design of very small electronic devices typically made from semiconductor materials—, the vision is to have low cost and mass manufacturable integrated quantum photonic circuits for a variety of different applications in quantum computing, measure, sensing, secure communications and services. The Si platform permits, in a natural way, the integration of quantum photonics with electronics. Two methodologies are presented to generate random numbers: one is based on photon counting measurements and another one is based on photon arrival time measurements. The latter is robust, masks all the drawbacks of afterpulsing, dead time and jitter of the Si SPAD and is effectively insensitive to ageing of the LED and to its emission drifts related to temperature variations. The raw data pass all the statistical tests in national institute of standards and technology (NIST) tests suite and TestU01 Alphabit battery without a post processing algorithm. The maximum demonstrated bit rate is 1.68 Mbps with the efficiency of 4-bits per detected photon. In order to realize a small, portable QRNG, we have produced a compact configuration consisting of a Si nanocrystals (Si-NCs) LED and a SiPM. All the statistical test in the NIST tests suite pass for the raw data with the maximum bit rate of 0.5 Mbps. We also prepared and studied a compact chip consisting of a Si-NCs LED and an array of detectors. An integrated chip, composed of Si p+/n junction working in avalanche region and a Si SPAD, was produced as well. High quality random numbers are produced through our robust methodology at the highest speed of 100 kcps. Integration of the source of entropy and the detector on a single chip is an efficient way to produce a compact RNG. A small RNG is an essential element to guarantee the security of our everyday life. It can be readily implemented into electronic devices for data encryption. The idea of "utmost security" would no longer be limited to particular organs owning sensitive information. It would be accessible to every one in everyday life.
Quantum random number generators (QRNG) are the prime source of randomness, by exploiting the unpredictable nature of Quantum mechanics QRNG aims to provide a string of completely random utterly unpredictable numbers. QRNGs are crucial for cryptography, scientific calculation, simulation, and many more real-world applications. Our Optical Quantum Random Number Generator (OQRNG) utilizes a high-speed pulsating laser, a Polarizing beam splitter (PBS), photodetectors, and advanced signal processing units that capture and digitize random photon intensity forming the raw random bit stream. This technique is famously known as Branching Path Technique. After that, we implement rigorous testing that encompasses the statistical randomness tests developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to ensure the guaranteed ran-domness meets security standards. A user-friendly Graphic user interface (GUI) simplifies interaction with the QRNG allowing the user to configure device settings, monitor system performance, and securely extract random numbers. Our findings help us demonstrate the superiority of QRNGs over classical random number generators, and highlight the potential of photon-based QRNGs and their environmentally friendly and efficient random number generation.
Random numbers play an important role in many areas, for example, encryption, cryptography, static analysis, simulations.It is also a fundamental resource in science and engineering.There are algorithmically generated numbers that are similar to random distributions, but are not actually random, called pseudo random number generators.In many cases the tasks to be solved are based on the unpredictability of random numbers, which cannot be guaranteed in the case of pseudo random number generators, true randomness is required.In such situations, we use real random number generators whose source of randomness is unpredictable random events.Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) generate real random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum measurements.Our goal is to generate fast random numbers at a lower cost.At the same time, a high level of randomness is essential.Through quantum mechanics, we can obtain true numbers using the unpredictable behavior of a photon, which is the basis of many modern cryptographic protocols.It is essential to trust cryptographic random number generators to generate only true random numbers.This is why certification methods are needed which will check both the operation of the device and the quality of the random bits generated.We present the improved novel quantum random number generator, which is based the on time of arrival QRNG.It uses the simple version of the detectors with few requirements.The novel QRNG produces more than one random bit per each photon detection.It is rather efficient and has a high level of randomness.Self-testing as well as device independent quantum random number generation methods are analyzed.The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are identified.The model of a novel semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered in the paper.This method combines different types of certification approaches and is rather secure and efficient.Finally, the novel certification method is integrated into the model of the new quantum random number generator.The paper analyzes its security and efficiency.
Even if the output of a Random Number Generator (RNG) is perfectly uniformly distributed, it may be correlated to pre-existing information and therefore be predictable. Statistical tests are thus not sufficient to guarantee that an RNG is usable for applications, e.g., in cryptography or gambling, where unpredictability is important. To enable such applications a stronger notion of randomness, termed "true randomness", is required, which includes independence from prior information. Quantum systems are particularly suitable for true randomness generation, as their unpredictability can be proved based on physical principles. Practical implementations of Quantum RNGs (QRNGs) are however always subject to noise, i.e., influences which are not fully controlled. This reduces the quality of the raw randomness generated by the device, making it necessary to post-process it. Here we provide a framework to analyse realistic QRNGs and to determine the post-processing that is necessary to turn their raw output into true randomness.
The subject matter of the article is pseudo-random number generators. Random numbers play the important role in cryptography. Using not secure pseudo-random number generators is a very common weakness. It is also a fundamental resource in science and engineering. There are algorithmically generated numbers that are similar to random distributions but are not random, called pseudo-random number generators. In many cases the tasks to be solved are based on the unpredictability of random numbers, which cannot be guaranteed in the case of pseudo-random number generators, true randomness is required. In such situations, we use real random number generators whose source of randomness is unpredictable random events. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) generate real random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum measurements. The goal is to develop a mathematical model of the generator, which generates fast random numbers at a lower cost. At the same time, a high level of randomness is essential. Through quantum mechanics, we can obtain true numbers using the unpredictable behavior of a photon, which is the basis of many modern cryptographic protocols. It is essential to trust cryptographic random number generators to generate only true random numbers. This is why certification methods are needed which will check both the operation of the device and the quality of the random bits generated. The goal of the research is also to develop the model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG). The tasks to be solved are to create the mathematical model of a random number generator, which generates the fast random numbers at a lower cost. To create the mathematical model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators. To integrate a hybrid semi self-testing certification method to the hybrid random number generator. the methods used are mathematical optimization and simulation. The following results were obtained: we present the improved hybrid quantum random number generator, which is based on QRNG, which uses the time of arrival of photons. The model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered in the paper. This method combines different types of certification approaches and is rather secure and efficient. Finally, the hybrid certification method is integrated into the model of the new quantum random number generator. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: 1. The hybrid quantum random number generator is offered, which is based on QRNG, which uses the time of the arrival of photons. It uses the simple version of the detectors with few requirements. The hybrid QRNG produces more than one random bit per the detection of each photon. It is rather efficient and has a high level of randomness. 2. The hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered. The Self-testing, as well as device-independent quantum random number generation methods, are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are identified. Based on the result the hybrid method is offered. 3. The hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators is integrated into the offered model of the quantum random number generator. The paper analyzes its security and efficiency. The paper offers to use the new random number generator in the crypto-schemes.
Generation of random numbers is a central problem for many applications in the field of information processing, including, e.g., cryptography, in classical and quantum regime, but also mathematical modeling, Monte Carlo methods, gambling and many others. Both, the quality of the randomness and efficiency of the random numbers generation process are crucial for the most of these applications. Software produced pseudorandom bit sequences, though sufficiently quick, do not fulfill required randomness quality demands. Hence, the physical hardware methods are intensively developed to generate truly random number sequences for information processing and electronic security application. In the present paper we discuss the idea of the quantum random number generators. We also present a variety of tests utilized to assess the quality of randomness of generated bit sequences. In the experimental part we apply such tests to assess and compare two quantum random number generators, PQ4000KSI (of company ComScire US) and JUR01 (constructed in Wroclaw University of Science and Technology upon the project of The National Center for Research and Development) as well as a pseudorandom generator from the Mathematica Wolfram package. Finally, we present our new prototype of fully operative miniaturized quantum random generator JUR02 producing a random bit sequence with velocity of 1 Mb/s, which successfully passed standard tests of randomness quality (like NIST and Dieharder tests). We also shortly discuss our former concept of an entanglement-based quantum random number generator protocol with unconditionally secure public randomness verification.