Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics has emerged as a powerful framework for describing open quantum systems, particularly in optical platforms where engineered gain and loss can lead to exotic phenomena. This paper theoretically investigates the synthesis of non-Hermitian quantum light within driven photonic crystals. We propose a methodology that leverages the unique dispersion engineering capabilities of photonic crystals, coupled with controlled introduction of gain and loss elements and strong classical driving fields. Our approach aims to generate novel quantum light states characterized by non-Hermitian properties, such as modified photon statistics, entanglement, and the manifestation of exceptional points in quantum correlations. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations, reviews relevant prior work in non-Hermitian optics and quantum light generation in photonic structures, and details a specific methodology involving coupled resonator systems and nonlinear optical processes. We predict that such driven non-Hermitian photonic crystals can offer unprecedented control over quantum light properties, enabling the generation of squeezed states with enhanced sensitivity, robust entangled photon pairs, and potentially new regimes for quantum metrology and information processing. The discussion addresses the implications of these findings for fundamental quantum optics and their potential experimental realizations, highlighting the challenges and promising avenues for future research.
Nonlinear dynamics provide an indispensable resource for creating quantum states of light, as well as other bosonic systems. Seminal work using second- and third-order nonlinear optical crystals, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and superconducting circuits, have enabled generating squeezed states, as well as various non-Gaussian quantum states (e.g., single photons, cat states) at both infrared and microwave frequencies. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to generate quantum states of light in broad portions of the electromagnetic spectrum: for example, at terahertz frequencies and at ultraviolet and X-ray frequencies. In this Perspective, I discuss a variety of emerging material platforms, as well as emerging theoretical and experimental tools, which enable overcoming these challenges. The main argument of this Perspective is that advances in driving nonlinear dynamics of material excitations, will enable generating quantum states of these material excitations as well as quantum states of light at new frequency ranges. I will further argue that in order to realize much of the promise of this nascent field, there is a need for innovation in the laser systems used to drive these nonlinear dynamics: specifically, innovations in realizing high-power laser sources that have very low noise, having quantum statistics similar to coherent states of light which describe lower intensity laser systems. I will highlight some experimental and theoretical work, in understanding quantum noise dynamics in complex laser systems, that can address these challenges.
Over the past two decades, rapid progress in the development of quantum light sources has positioned quantum optics as a cornerstone of emerging quantum technologies. This thesis presents two entirely new and distinct advances in quantum optics, each introducing quantum light sources into unconventional environments. In the first part, nanoparticles of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with optically active color centers were successfully introduced into living cells, where they emitted light in the form of temporally isolated single photons. Unlike conventional light sources, each color center emits exactly one photon at a time — a fundamentally quantum mechanical phenomenon with no classical analogue. The emitters showed excellent single-photon purity, outstanding emission stability with no photobleaching or spectral drift over several hours, and negligible impact on cell health. Crucially, because different color centers emit at different wavelengths and with distinct spectral profiles, they can serve as unique optical fingerprints. Combining just a few per cell allows virtually unlimited numbers of cells to be uniquely tagged. Beyond labeling, the single-photon nature of these emitters opens a path toward quantum-limited sensing and imaging inside living tissue. In addition to single-photon emitters, we also investigated sources of entangled photon pairs. These have traditionally relied on solid-state nonlinear crystals, which are rigid, difficult to tune, and offer little flexibility once fabricated. To overcome these limitations, we turn to soft matter: we developed and investigated sources based on ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals (FNLCs), a newly discovered class of organic materials with exceptionally strong intrinsic electric polarization and optical nonlinearity, as a platform for generating entangled photon pairs through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). The results presented here mark the first demonstration of photon-pair generation in organic matter via SPDC. By reorienting the liquid crystal molecules through sample geometry or applied electric fields, the intensity, polarization state, and degree of entanglement of the generated photon pairs can all be controlled — a level of tunability not available in conventional solid-state sources. Additionally, chiral FNLCs with a self-assembled helical structure were shown to produce photon-pair generation rates comparable to or exceeding those of the best solid-state platforms. By introducing scalable, efficient, and reconfigurable quantum light sources with functionalities beyond those of conventional solid-state platforms, this work opens new directions in quantum optics and related technologies.