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Born’s rule and Planck’s energy from quantum interferometry

Francisco Duarte

Published Nov 25, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Born’s rule and Planck’s quantum energy equation are derived from quantum interferometry principles. The derivation of Born’s rule is transparent, brief, and is based on the Dirac-Feynman interferometric principle. The derivation of Planck’s equation relies on N-slit interferometric experimental observations and a heuristic approach.

DOI
10.1364/opticaopen.27896898.v1

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Born’s rule and Planck’s quantum energy equation are derived from quantum interferometry principles. The derivation of Born’s rule is transparent, brief, and is based on the Dirac-Feynman interferometric principle. The derivation of Planck’s equation relies on N-slit interferometric experimental observations and a heuristic approach.
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In quantum mechanics, the physics of probability amplitudes, that exists in the imaginary and complex mathematical realm, is brought to the measurable realm by the iconic Born rule https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> | ψ 〉 | ψ 〉 ∗ = | | ψ 〉 | 2 that convert the superposition probability amplitude https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> | ψ 〉 into a measurable interferometric probability distribution. When Born first introduced his rule, in 1926, he did so in the absence of a physical derivation. In fact, Born never offered a derivation for his most crucial rule. In this chapter a transparent interferometric derivation of Born's rule is given. Furthermore, it is indicated that far from a ‘collapse’ the https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> | ψ 〉 → | ψ 〉 | ψ 〉 ∗ transition, for interferometric configurations, clearly involves a mathematical expansion . The https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> | ψ 〉 → | ψ 〉 | ψ 〉 ∗ transition for quantum entanglement is also discussed.
The quantum mechanics postulate called the Born Rule attributes a probabilistic meaning to a wave function. This paper derives the Born Rule from other quantum principles along with a model of the measurement process. The nondeterministic nature of quantum measurements is hypothesized to arise from an ignorance of the quantum states of a measuring device's microscopic components. Their interactions with a system to be measured are modeled heuristically with any member of a particular class of stochastic processes, each of which generate the Born Rule. One member of the class appears particularly compatible with properties expected of quantum interactions.
It was repeatedly underlined in literature that quantum mechanics cannot be considered a closed theory if the Born Rule is postulated rather than derived from the first principles. In this work the Born Rule is derived from the time-reversal symmetry of quantum equations of motion. The derivation is based on a simple functional equation that takes into account properties of probability, as well as the linearity and time-reversal symmetry of quantum equations of motion. The derivation presented in this work also allows to determine certain limits to applicability of the Born Rule.