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Quantum ensemble learning with a programmable superconducting processor

Chao Song, Jiachen Chen, Yaozu Wu, Zhen Yu Yang, Shibo Xu, Xuan Ye, Ke Wang, Chuanyu Zhang, Feitong Jin, Xuhao Zhu, Yu Gao, Ziqi Tan, Zhengyi Cui, Aosai Zhang, Ning Wang, Yiren Zou, Tingting Li, Fanhao Shen, Jiarun Zhong, Zehang Bao, Zitian Zhu, Zixuan Song, Jinfeng Deng, Hang Dong, Pengfei Zhang, Daili Li, Wei Zhang, Hekang Li, Qiujiang Guo, Zhen Wang, Ying Li, Xiaoting Wang, H. Wang

Published Nov 25, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Quantum machine learning is among the most exciting potential applications of quantum computing. However, the vulnerability of quantum information to environmental noises and the consequent high cost for realizing fault tolerance has impeded the quantum models from learning complex datasets. Here, we introduce Adaboost.Q, a quantum adaptation of the classical adaptive boosting (Adaboost) algorithm designed to enhance learning capabilities of quantum classifiers. Based on the probabilistic nature of quantum measurement, the algorithm improves the prediction accuracy by refining the attention mechanism during the adaptive training and combination of quantum classifiers. We experimentally demonstrate the versatility of our approach on a programmable superconducting processor, where we observe notable performance enhancements across various quantum machine learning models, including quantum neural networks and quantum convolutional neural networks. With Adaboost.Q, we achieve an accuracy above 86% for a ten-class classification task over 10,000 test samples, and an accuracy of 100% for a quantum feature recognition task over 1,564 test samples. Our results demonstrate a foundational tool for advancing quantum machine learning towards practical applications, which has broad applicability to both the current noisy and the future fault-tolerant quantum devices.

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-5289422/v1

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Abstract Quantum machine learning is among the most exciting potential applications of quantum computing. However, the vulnerability of quantum information to environmental noises and the consequent high cost for realizing fault tolerance has impeded the quantum models from learning complex datasets. Here, we introduce Adaboost.Q, a quantum adaptation of the classical adaptive boosting (Adaboost) algorithm designed to enhance learning capabilities of quantum classifiers. Based on the probabilistic nature of quantum measurement, the algorithm improves the prediction accuracy by refining the attention mechanism during the adaptive training and combination of quantum classifiers. We experimentally demonstrate the versatility of our approach on a programmable superconducting processor, where we observe notable performance enhancements across various quantum machine learning models, including quantum neural networks and quantum convolutional neural networks. With Adaboost.Q, we achieve an accuracy above 86% for a ten-class classification task over 10,000 test samples, and an accuracy of 100% for a quantum feature recognition task over 1,564 test samples. Our results demonstrate a foundational tool for advancing quantum machine learning towards practical applications, which has broad applicability to both the current noisy and the future fault-tolerant quantum devices.
Quantum machine learning is among the most exciting potential applications of quantum computing. However, the vulnerability of quantum information to environmental noises and the consequent high cost for realizing fault tolerance has impeded the quantum models from learning complex datasets. Here, we introduce AdaBoost.Q, a quantum adaptation of the classical adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm designed to enhance learning capabilities of quantum classifiers. Based on the probabilistic nature of quantum measurement, the algorithm improves the prediction accuracy by refining the attention mechanism during the adaptive training and combination of quantum classifiers. We experimentally demonstrate the versatility of our approach on a programmable superconducting processor, where we observe notable performance enhancements across various quantum machine learning models, including quantum neural networks and quantum convolutional neural networks. With AdaBoost.Q, we achieve an accuracy above 86% for a ten-class classification task over 10,000 test samples, and an accuracy of 100% for a quantum feature recognition task over 1564 test samples. Our results demonstrate a foundational tool for advancing quantum machine learning towards practical applications, which has broad applicability to both the current noisy and the future fault-tolerant quantum devices.
In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, the capabilities of variational quantum algorithms are greatly constrained due to a limited number of qubits and the shallow depth of quantum circuits. We may view these variational quantum algorithms as weak learners in supervised learning. Ensemble methods are general approaches to combining weak learners to construct a strong one in machine learning. In this paper, by focusing on classification, we theoretically establish and numerically verify a learning guarantee for quantum adaptive boosting (AdaBoost). The supervised-learning risk bound describes how the prediction error of quantum AdaBoost on binary classification decreases as the number of boosting rounds and sample size increase. We further empirically demonstrate the advantages of quantum AdaBoost by focusing on a 4-class classification. The quantum AdaBoost not only outperforms several other ensemble methods, but in the presence of noise it can also surpass the ideally noiseless but unboosted primitive classifier after only a few boosting rounds. Our work indicates that in the current NISQ era, introducing appropriate ensemble methods is particularly valuable in improving the performance of quantum machine learning algorithms.
Adaptive quantum computing control is important for the stability and efficiency of quantum systems, especially in the presence of dynamic environmental noise and hardware fluctuations. We present a unified strategy for machine learning (ML) techniques to improve adaptive quantum control in two main directions: optimization speed and out-of-sample error. Here, we propose a hybrid learning method combining reinforcement learning (RL), deep neural networks (DNNs), and quantum-inspired models to actively and adaptively update quantum gate parameters and error mitigation strategies on the fly. Embedding of quantum noise models directly into the learning allows the system to predict and correct for decoherence, gate errors and measurement inaccuracy before they affect computational fidelity. Using extensive simulations as well as experimental validation on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors, our improved ML model achieves a substantially higher fidelity and robustness compared to standard model-free and static control approaches. We introduce a novel feedback-loop mechanism based on online learning algorithms enabling the system to adjust for changing noise profiles and hardware drift without retraining. The optimization part uses metaheuristic methods to quickly converge to control parameters that perform well, and the error prevention mechanism features anomaly detection and prediction correction layers to minimize the effects of cumulative decoherence. The results demonstrate that our adaptive control framework can be used to not only speed up the convergence in training quantum algorithms, but also sustain the performance of gates against error at a variety of error rates with the reduction of the real-time impact of the error up to 35 %. This work highlights the promise of machine learningaugmented quantum control for improving reliability and scalability in quantum computing and serves as a stepping stone for future incorporation with fault-tolerant designs.
Image classification plays a vital role in large-scale data analysis, especially in object recognition tasks using advanced Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. However, the growing complexity and computational demands of modern DL models have introduced challenges related to scalability and efficiency. Quantum Computing (QC) has emerged as a promising alternative, capable of addressing these limitations by leveraging the principles of Quantum Machine Learning (QML). However, many existing QML models require a large number of qubits, which poses limitations within the current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. This work introduces a novel Adaptive Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (AQCNN) designed for efficient and scalable image classification within the constraints of NISQ devices. Addressing the limitations of existing QML approaches, particularly the high qubit requirements, AQCNN incorporates a resource-efficient quantum convolutional layer that performs localized quantum filtering using parameterized quantum circuits. A classical preprocessing layer encodes input features to reduce qubit load, followed by quantum embedding and hybrid quantum-classical layers that optimize feature extraction and classification performance. The model leverages an adaptive quantum convolution strategy, minimizing quantum gate depth and circuit complexity while preserving critical spatial hierarchies in image data. Evaluated on benchmark datasets, AQCNN achieved 95.88% accuracy on MNIST and 95.68% on FMNIST, outperforming comparable QML architectures. Additionally, the model supports scalable execution through parallel quantum circuit arrays, enabling practical deployment on current quantum hardware. This architecture demonstrates a significant advance in quantum-assisted image classification, balancing performance with qubit and gate efficiency. The integration of adaptive quantum convolution and hybrid processing not only enhances classification accuracy but also provides a viable path forward for deploying QML solutions under realistic hardware constraints.
Classification is one of the main applications of supervised learning. Recent advancements in developing quantum computers have opened a new possibility for machine learning on such machines. Due to the noisy performance of near-term quantum computers, error mitigation techniques are essential for extracting meaningful data from noisy raw experimental measurements. Here, we propose two ensemble-learning error mitigation methods, namely, bootstrap aggregating and adaptive boosting, which can significantly enhance the performance of variational quantum classifiers for both classical and quantum datasets. The idea is to combine several weak classifiers, each implemented on a shallow noisy quantum circuit, to make a strong one with high accuracy. While both of our protocols substantially outperform error-mitigated primitive classifiers, the adaptive boosting shows better performance than the bootstrap aggregating. The protocols have been exemplified for classical handwriting digits as well as quantum phase discrimination of a symmetry-protected topological Hamiltonian, in which we observe a significant improvement in accuracy. Our ensemble-learning methods provide a systematic way of utilizing shallow circuits to solve complex classification problems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
This chapter explores quantum machine learning (QML) and neural network transfer learning. It begins by describing the potential of QML. The discussion then shifts to transfer learning, leveraging pre-trained neural models across diverse domains. A demonstration of advancements in both fields forms the core of the chapter, showcasing how QML classifiers can be used with classical neural networks for enhanced performance. To improve the accuracy of COVID-19 screening, ensemble method and sliding window mechanism measurements have been employed using computer vision on frequency domain spectrograms of audio files. Parallel with this, the accuracy of these measurements could be improved by quantum machine transfer learning. The chapter describes a case study where a hybrid approach demonstrated significant improvements in data processing accuracy, offering an understanding of practical applications. In conclusion, the authors present ideas on how the combination of QML and transfer learning could unfold new horizons in various fields with complex, large-scale datasets. The chapter concludes with predictions about the trajectory of these technologies, emphasizing their role in shaping the future of transfer learning. This combination of current research and visionary thinking inspires further exploration at the intersection of quantum computing machine learning and neural network transfer learning.