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Russian Microelectronics

Nanophotonic Beam Splitter Based on Quantum Dots with Förster Coupling

Alexander V. Tsukanov, I. Yu. Kateev

Published Oct 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This paper describes the design of a quantum beam splitter that transforms the state of a spatial photonic qubit in two modes due to the exchange of energy between the modes and quantum dots (QDs). By controlling the interaction time, it is possible to obtain the required superposition of the basic single-photon states of the qubit at the output of the device. In addition, the beam splitter allows the generation of entangled two-photon NOON states. Using the Förster effect to control the energy exchange between QDs makes it possible to increase the intermodal distance and suppress unwanted direct interaction of the modes. As an example, a beam splitter based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) with temperature and structural frequency tuning is considered.

DOI
10.1134/s1063739724600444

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Abstract This paper describes the design of a quantum beam splitter that transforms the state of a spatial photonic qubit in two modes due to the exchange of energy between the modes and quantum dots (QDs). By controlling the interaction time, it is possible to obtain the required superposition of the basic single-photon states of the qubit at the output of the device. In addition, the beam splitter allows the generation of entangled two-photon NOON states. Using the Förster effect to control the energy exchange between QDs makes it possible to increase the intermodal distance and suppress unwanted direct interaction of the modes. As an example, a beam splitter based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) with temperature and structural frequency tuning is considered.
We theoretically demonstrate that a photonic crystal microcavity coupled to waveguides works as an optical beam splitter. Numerical simulations illustrate that spatially separated two output modes have a relative phase close to $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ and tunable transmission coefficients. The general transformation of this beam splitter gives a single-qubit rotation operator about the xxx axis. Using such beam splitters, we show single-photon interference via the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and two-photon entanglement via Hong-Ou-Mandel effect. This system may have great applications in constructing interferometers and integrated circuits for optical quantum information processing with solid-state materials.
We investigate how to control single-photon transport along the photonic crystal waveguide with the recent experimentally demonstrated artificial atoms [i.e., $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type quantum dots (QDs)] [S. G. Carter et al., Nat. Photon. 7, 329 (2013)] in an all-optical way. Adopting full quantum theory in real space, we analytically calculate the transport coefficients of single photons scattered by a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type QD embedded in single- and two-mode photonic crystal cavities (PCCs), respectively. Our numerical results clearly show that the photonic transmission properties can be exactly manipulated by adjusting the coupling strengths of waveguide-cavity and QD-cavity interactions. Specifically, for the PCC with two degenerate orthogonal polarization modes coupled to a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type QD with two degenerate ground states, we find that the photonic transmission spectra show three Rabi-splitting dips and the present system could serve as single-photon polarization beam splitters. The feasibility of our proposal with the current photonic crystal technique is also discussed.
We consider a quantum dot of frequency w_s embedded in a semiconductor microcavity interacting with an electromagnetic mode of frequency w_a. The cavity is subject to a pumping laser of power W and frequency w_L, and to dissipative mechanisms such as photonic and excitonic relaxation, at rates g_a and g_s, respectively. The power and frequency of the laser is set so that the cavity-dot system reaches a stationary state, in which it emits single photons. Taking two of this single-photon emitters as the input for a semi transparent beam splitter, we consider the entanglement of the two output states in the low excitation regime using the Peres criteria. Thus, we study the dependence of the entanglement with the photonic and excitonic relaxation rates.
Abstract We consider a theoretical model of a quantum node that implements a two-qubit controlled-NOT (CNOT) operation on photonic qubits with spatial encoding. Each of the qubits is represented by a pair of modes that support an arbitrary superposition of single-photon states. The active element of the node is a single or double quantum dot (QD) with a tunable frequency, coherently exchanging an energy quantum with the modes. The spectral characteristics of the elements of the quantum node are simulated. The probability of performing a controlled inversion of the qubit state is calculated, depending on the system parameters.
The optically active nature of direct bandgap semiconductors makes them well suited for applications in quantum optics. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are particularly promising, due to their discrete atom-like energy levels. In this thesis, transitions between these energy levels are used to investigate the effects of electric and magnetic fields on the energy structure of single QDs, with a view to developing applications in the field of quantum computing. In the work presented here a novel method of creating entangled photon pair emitters is presented, in which an electric field is used to tune the energy structure of single QDs to allow the fidelity of the emitted entangled state to be increased. In addition, a technique for the creation of energy-tunable entangled photon pairs is proposed and shown to be feasible with current technology. Furthermore, the potential of QDs to act as an interface between photonic and spin qubits is explored. Application of a time varying electric field is used to dynamically tune the QD energy levels, allowing the evolution of excitons confined within single QDs to be manipulated. Using this system a controlled phase rotation of the exciton spin state is implemented. Finally, indistinguishable single photons, emitted by the radiative decay of the exciton state, are used to generate the input state for an integrated photonic two-qubit quantum logic gate. This is the first demonstration of a two-qubit gate using on-demand single photons. It is also the first demonstration of such a gate with all components realised using semiconductor materials.
We propose a scheme to implement a three-qubit controlled phase gate with one control qubit and two target qubits using quantum dots (QDs) in two coupled photonic crystal (PC) cavities A and B. In the scheme, three QDs are embedded in two coupled photonic crystal cavities and the transitions between the levels are only coupled to the cavity modes without being driven by the classical laser fields. We investigate the dynamics of the system consisting of resonant and off-resonant couplings between the cavity modes and QDs and solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation analytically. The results show that a three-qubit controlled phase gate can be directly implemented using one operational step, by exchanging a single photon between the PC cavities A and B. This scheme greatly simplifies the gate operation in experiments.