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IEEE journal on multiscale and multiphysics computational techniques

Quantum Optimization of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Mitigating Multipath Fading in Wireless Networks

Emanuel Colella, Luca Bastianelli, Valter Mariani Primiani, Zhen Peng, Franco Moglie, Gabriele Gradoni

Published Jan 1, 2024• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Wireless communication technology has become important in modern life. Real-world radio environments present significant challenges, particularly concerning latency and multipath fading. A promising solution is represented by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), which can manipulate electromagnetic waves to enhance transmission quality. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that employs the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) to efficiently configure RIS in multipath environments. Applying the spin glass (SG) theoretical framework to describe chaotic systems, along with a variable noise model, we propose a quantum-based minimization algorithm to optimize RIS in various electromagnetic scenarios affected by multipath fading. The method involves training a parameterized quantum circuit using a mathematical model that scales with the size of the RIS. When applied to different EM scenarios, it directly identifies the optimal RIS configuration. This approach eliminates the need for large datasets for training, validation, and testing, streamlines, and accelerates the training process. Furthermore, the algorithm will not need to be rerun for each individual scenario. In particular, our analysis considers a system with one transmitting antenna, multiple receiving antennas, and varying noise levels. The results show that QAOA enhances the performance of RIS in both noise-free and noisy environments, highlighting the potential of quantum computing to address the complexities of RIS optimization and improve the performance of the wireless network.

DOI
10.1109/jmmct.2024.3494037

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Wireless communication technology has become important in modern life. Real-world radio environments present significant challenges, particularly concerning latency and multipath fading. A promising solution is represented by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), which can manipulate electromagnetic waves to enhance transmission quality. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that employs the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) to efficiently configure RIS in multipath environments. Applying the spin glass (SG) theoretical framework to describe chaotic systems, along with a variable noise model, we propose a quantum-based minimization algorithm to optimize RIS in various electromagnetic scenarios affected by multipath fading. The method involves training a parameterized quantum circuit using a mathematical model that scales with the size of the RIS. When applied to different EM scenarios, it directly identifies the optimal RIS configuration. This approach eliminates the need for large datasets for training, validation, and testing, streamlines, and accelerates the training process. Furthermore, the algorithm will not need to be rerun for each individual scenario. In particular, our analysis considers a system with one transmitting antenna, multiple receiving antennas, and varying noise levels. The results show that QAOA enhances the performance of RIS in both noise-free and noisy environments, highlighting the potential of quantum computing to address the complexities of RIS optimization and improve the performance of the wireless network.
Wireless communication systems play a pivotal role in modern society, yet they face significant challenges such as latency and multipath fading. Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is emerged as a promising solution to manipulate electromagnetic waves to enhance transmission quality, although their optimization presents several limitations. In this study, we propose a hybrid approach utilizing the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) to effectively configure RIS in multipath environments, addressing the shortcomings of classical methods. The computational model trained by the Sherrington- Kirkpatrick Hamiltonian, demonstrates high accuracy in identifying optimal RIS configurations across various scenarios, without running optimization at each condition. However, the analysis of barren plateaus reveals that the cost function gradient diminishes exponentially as the number of cells increases, making hard the training for large-scale systems. To mitigate these issues, we conclude by suggesting some potential strategies for future research aimed at enhancing RIS performance in practical applications.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in employing reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) to improve the spectrum and energy efficiency of wireless networks. In RIS-assisted wireless networks, channel estimation and optimization is a difficult task, particularly for nearly passive RIS devices with low-complexity hardware design. We have proposed a hybrid classical-quantum computing framework that allows for ultra-fast optimization adapting to multipath wireless environments. The onsite optimization of RIS configuration can be performed almost instantaneously using only feedback (received power) at wireless endpoints. The performance of the proposed work is demonstrated in representative wireless propagation scenarios.
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) optimization is a high-dimensional combinatorial problem, where classical methods face significant scalability challenges. The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) offers a promising alternative by encoding the optimization problem into a quantum Hamiltonian and finding its ground state through a parameterized quantum circuit, known as the ansatz [1]. In the quantum framework, the RIS optimization problem is mapped onto the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) Hamiltonian, which models the transfer function between the transmitting antenna (TX) and the receiver (RX) [2], [3] as follows:
ABSTRACT This research presents a novel quantum‐assisted optimization framework for unmanned aerial vehicle‐assisted reconfigurable intelligent surface networks. It introduces a breakthrough metric known as quantum signal reconfiguration dynamics. Utilizing the principles of quantum computing, this framework enables real‐time signal propagation, optimizes resource usage, and reduces energy consumption in dynamic and complex scenarios. The integration of quantum algorithms significantly improves signal reconfiguration by allowing the resource allocator to coordinate control over reconfigurable intelligent surface elements effectively and make real‐time adjustments. This leads to enhanced signal strength, reduced interference, and lower overall energy consumption, minimizing the power requirements of the system. The framework employs optimization methods based on quantum computing, including the quantum approximate optimization algorithm and the variational quantum eigensolver, which can be adapted to the current network conditions. Stress‐testing using a computationally optimized fixed‐point algorithm demonstrates a threefold increase in signal reconfiguration dynamics, a fortyfold reduction in computational latency, and a 25% increase in coverage area compared to classical methods. These results represent significant progress in integrating reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with unmanned aerial vehicle‐assisted wireless communication networks. The proposed framework establishes a foundation for introducing much‐needed improvements to future communication architectures, particularly for sixth‐generation networks and beyond, promoting the development of intelligent and efficient communication systems.
Quantum networks (QNs) supported by terahertz (THz) wireless links present a transformative alternative to fiber-based infrastructures, particularly in mobile and infrastructure-scarce environments. However, signal attenuation, molecular absorption, and severe propagation losses in THz channels pose significant challenges to reliable quantum state transmission and entanglement distribution. To overcome these limitations, we propose a dynamic reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted wireless QN architecture that leverages adaptive RIS elements capable of switching between active and passive modes based on the incident signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These dynamic RIS elements enhance beamforming control over amplitude and phase, enabling robust redirection and compensation for THz-specific impairments through real-time measurement-driven adjustments. We develop a detailed analytical model that incorporates key physical layer phenomena in THz quantum links, including path loss, fading, thermal noise, and alignment variations. This model also acts as a digital twin, simulating quantum channel measurements under uncertainty. A secure optimization framework is formulated to jointly determine RIS placement and entanglement generation rate (EGR) allocation, while satisfying fidelity, security, and fairness constraints under diverse quality of service (QoS) demands [1] . Fidelity and leakage metrics are treated as measurable quantities, reinforcing the role of measurement in system adaptation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed architecture yields up to 87% fidelity enhancement and 65% fairness improvement compared to static RIS baselines, while maintaining robustness under realistic THz channel conditions. The integration of adaptive RIS control and fidelity-aware modeling highlights the digitalization of quantum measurement processes. These results underscore the promise of dynamic RIS technology in enabling scalable and adaptive quantum communications over wireless THz links.
Quantum-classical hybrid communication is emerging as a key enabler for future 6G networks, where THz communication and quantum services are expected to coexist over intelligent and reconfigurable wireless infrastructures. A fundamental challenge in such systems is that reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) phase control simultaneously influences classical communication performance and quantum-state evolution, making reliable entanglement preservation difficult in dynamic propagation environments. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an AI-native Entanglement-Sustained Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (AI-ES-RIS) framework for hybrid quantum-classical THz communication. A unified model is developed to jointly characterize THz-wave propagation and Bell-state evolution through a phase-flip-inspired decoherence representation. To capture RIS-induced quantum degradation, a weighted mismatch-based decoherence model is introduced that links RIS phase perturbations, channel-dependent element significance, and entanglement fidelity degradation. Furthermore, a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)-based controller is designed to adapt RIS phase configurations by jointly optimizing communication reliability and quantum-state preservation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework consistently achieves higher entanglement fidelity, lower decoherence probability, and competitive communication performance compared with communication-centric and model-based RIS optimization strategies. Distributional analysis further confirms improved quantum-state robustness across diverse channel realizations, while scalability studies demonstrate favorable runtime characteristics for larger RIS dimensions. Additional meta-learning and federated learning extensions show enhanced adaptation and convergence under heterogeneous propagation environments. The results establish that RIS control in hybrid quantum-classical networks should be treated as a joint communication-and-quantum optimization problem rather than as independent design objectives, providing a promising foundation for future THz-enabled quantum-aware 6G systems.