The Tree Multiparty Quantum Key Agreement Protocol (TMQKAP) is introduced as a novel solution for secure quantum key agreement among multiple participants, specifically tailored for tree topologies. Based on the BB84 protocol, TMQKAP employs hierarchical tree structures and XOR operations to facilitate efficient and secure key generation. Key elements are exchanged among participants in an equitable manner, ensuring that each participant contributes equally to the generation of the shared key. The protocol demonstrates robust security, effectively defending against both external and internal attacks, and achieves a quantum efficiency of 1/2 (N −1), where N is the number of participants. Thorough security analysis and simulations show TMQKAP’s robustness against various attacks while maintaining high efficiency. Additionally, the protocol is readily implementable with current quantum technologies, utilizing single-photon transmission to facilitate secure key distribution.
The Tree Multiparty Quantum Key Agreement Protocol (TMQKAP) is introduced as a novel solution for secure quantum key agreement among multiple participants, specifically tailored for tree topologies. Based on the BB84 protocol, TMQKAP employs hierarchical tree structures and XOR operations to facilitate efficient and secure key generation. Key elements are exchanged among participants in an equitable manner, ensuring that each participant contributes equally to the generation of the shared key. The protocol demonstrates robust security, effectively defending against both external and internal attacks, and achieves a quantum efficiency of 1/2 (N −1), where N is the number of participants. Thorough security analysis and simulations show TMQKAP’s robustness against various attacks while maintaining high efficiency. Additionally, the protocol is readily implementable with current quantum technologies, utilizing single-photon transmission to facilitate secure key distribution.
In Quantum Key Agreement (QKA) protocol, two or more participants agree to share a quantum key. Participants must meet the following conditions: (1) Can be toggled per participant. Important decisions are not made by individual participants. (2) Only participants can access the key, which is not viewable by non-participants while unauthorized acquisition of keys is impossible. Key agreement protocols are used to generate cryptographic keys in many modern applications such as IoT applications, healthcare systems, vehicle communications, intelligent networks, satellite communications, and cloud applications. To resist quantum attacks, several security protocols based on quantum physics principles have been proposed to address various security issues. The main goal of this research is to provide fundamental background information along with a detailed analysis of the theoretical aspects of QKA. The emphasis is particularly on various kinds of multiparty quantum key agreement protocols considering their design and effectiveness, with a specific spotlight on the utilization of the BB84 protocol.
Quantum Key Agreement (QKA) signifies that two or more participants together generate a key and QKA has to satisfy the following conditions: 1 Every participant can change the key and the key is not decided by any participant individually. 2 Only participants can know the key; nonparticipants cannot get the key through illegal means. Because of the condition 1 of participating together, it makes transport inefficient in the current mainstream protocols. They use unicast to exchange messages one by one, so it will considerably limit transmission efficiency and increase cost time spent. This study proposes a protocol based on Multiparty Quantum Secret Direct Communication (MQSDC) with multicast. In addition to satisfying the above conditions, it uses multicast to not only achieve the effect and purpose of QKA, but also to defend against internal and external attacks at the same time. In regard to resource consumption, this study involves linear growth and is more efficient than other mainstream protocols which employ exponential growth.
Quantum Key Agreement (QKA) signifies that two or more participants together generate a key and QKA has to satisfy the following conditions: (1) Every participant can change the key and the key is not decided by any participant individually. (2) Only participants can know the key, nonparticipants cannot get the key through illegal means. Because of the conditions of participating together, it makes transport inefficient in the current mainstream protocols. They use unicast to exchange messages one by one, so it will considerably limit transmission efficiency and increase cost time spent. This study proposes a protocol based on Multiparty Quantum Secret Direct Communication (MQSDC) with multicast. In addition to satisfying the above conditions, it uses multicast to not only achieve the effect and purpose of QKA, but also to defend against internal and external attacks at the same time. In regard to resource consumption, this study involves linear growth and is more efficient than other mainstream protocols which employ exponential growth.
As a burgeoning branch of quantum cryptography, quantum key agreement is a kind of key establishing processes where the security and fairness of the established common key should be guaranteed simultaneously. However, the difficulty on designing a qualified quantum key agreement protocol increases significantly with the increase of the number of the involved participants. Thus far, only few of the existing multiparty quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocols can really achieve security and fairness. Nevertheless, these qualified MQKA protocols are either too inefficient or too impractical. In this paper, an MQKA protocol is proposed with single photons in travelling mode. Since only one eavesdropping detection is needed in the proposed protocol, the qubit efficiency and measurement efficiency of it are higher than those of the existing ones in theory. Compared with the protocols which make use of the entangled states or multi-particle measurements, the proposed protocol is more feasible with the current technologies. Security and fairness analysis shows that the proposed protocol is not only immune to the attacks from external eavesdroppers, but also free from the attacks from internal betrayers.
Although there are many quantum key agreement protocols currently in existence, they cannot be merged in terms of resource utilisation, efficiency, security, and other aspects, and there are also significant differences in the nature of two and more parties. Therefore, it is necessary to design a quantum key agreement protocol that can balance efficiency and security and is suitable for multiple participants. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on a new coding mode of bell state: temporary session keys are negotiated between adjacent participants, and then shared keys for all participants are negotiated through the exchange, conversion, and computation of quantum resources. During the implementation of the protocol, not only can the identity of the participants be authenticated, but also the quantum resources used are single, and the quantum operations performed are simple. Moreover, efficiency is fixed and does not decrease due to the increase of participants or quantum resources. In addition, the protocol also allows participants to dynamically join and leave. In terms of security, the protocol can resist most common quantum attacks. Under the existing quantum technology, this protocol is completely feasible.
Although there are many quantum key agreement protocols currently in existence, they cannot be merged in terms of resource utilisation, efficiency, security, and other aspects, and there are also significant differences in the nature of two and more parties. Therefore, it is necessary to design a quantum key agreement protocol that can balance efficiency and security and is suitable for multiple participants. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on a new coding mode of bell state: temporary session keys are negotiated between adjacent participants, and then shared keys for all participants are negotiated through the exchange, conversion, and computation of quantum resources. During the implementation of the protocol, not only can the identity of the participants be authenticated, but also the quantum resources used are single, and the quantum operations performed are simple. Moreover, efficiency is fixed and does not decrease due to the increase of participants or quantum resources. In addition, the protocol also allows participants to dynamically join and leave. In terms of security, the protocol can resist most common quantum attacks. Under the existing quantum technology, this protocol is completely feasible.