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CRC Press eBooks

Correlated Coherent States and Wave Propagation Through Optical Active Quadratic-Index Media

Sergei G. Krivoshlykov, Nikolai I. Petrov, I N Sisakyan

Published Oct 31, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The choice of the representation (the complete set of functions) is very important for describing a field in many problems of wave propagation. A representation proved to be convenient here depends on excitation conditions and waveguide properties. It was shown [ 1 ] that the coherent states (CS) representation and the integrals of motion method turn to be extremely convenient for investigating Gaussian beam propagation in quadratic-index media. In [ 2 ] the correlated coherent states (CCS) were used to describe arbitrary Gaussian beam propagations in such media. The coherent state representation turns to be also convenient for description of nonparaxial propagation of both coherent and partially coherent radiation in the gradient medium [ 3 , 4 ]. Here we show that CCS turn to be also more convenient representation for investigating wave propagation in optic active quadratic media. CCS in such media describe a Gaussian wave packets with constant parameters during beam propagation. These states permit the concept of geometric ray width and wave front curvature to be introduced by natural manner and the relationship between wave and ray optics description to be clearly visualized for quadratic media with loss or gain.

DOI
10.1201/9781003580850-47

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The choice of the representation (the complete set of functions) is very important for describing a field in many problems of wave propagation. A representation proved to be convenient here depends on excitation conditions and waveguide properties. It was shown [ 1 ] that the coherent states (CS) representation and the integrals of motion method turn to be extremely convenient for investigating Gaussian beam propagation in quadratic-index media. In [ 2 ] the correlated coherent states (CCS) were used to describe arbitrary Gaussian beam propagations in such media. The coherent state representation turns to be also convenient for description of nonparaxial propagation of both coherent and partially coherent radiation in the gradient medium [ 3 , 4 ]. Here we show that CCS turn to be also more convenient representation for investigating wave propagation in optic active quadratic media. CCS in such media describe a Gaussian wave packets with constant parameters during beam propagation. These states permit the concept of geometric ray width and wave front curvature to be introduced by natural manner and the relationship between wave and ray optics description to be clearly visualized for quadratic media with loss or gain.
A study is made of the trajectories and widths of coherent states in nonparaxial propagation of light in a medium with a refractive index which differs slightly from a quadratic profile. Explicit expressions are obtained for the trajectories and widths and it is shown that they generally depend on the wavelength of light. In the limit of wavelengths tending to zero the expressions for the trajectories reduce to the corresponding expressions in ray optics and the ray widths decrease to zero. The coherent states thus make it possible to generalize the concept of a geometric ray and to allow for the wave properties of light in solutions obtained by ray optics methods.
For pt.I see ibid., vol.10, p.136-43 (1989). In the preceding paper the authors used the Lagrangian formalism to show the close relationship between the classical mechanics of the harmonic oscillator and the ray optics of the parabolic index optical waveguide. The authors have now studied the corresponding quantum mechanical and wave optical problems and, in particular, have studied the time evolution of a coherent state and have shown its close relationship to the propagation of a Gaussian beam in a parabolic index optical waveguide. The corresponding transitions to classical mechanics and ray optics have been shown. The authors have also presented an analysis of the recently developed squeezed states and have shown its correspondence to the waveguide problem. They have demonstrated that the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics is the same as between ray optics and wave optics. All such analyses should be of considerable pedagogical value.
This tutorial gives an overview of the use of the Wigner function as a tool for modeling optical field propagation. Particular emphasis is placed on the spatial propagation of stationary fields, as well as on the propagation of pulses through dispersive media. In the first case, the Wigner function gives a representation of the field that is similar to a radiance or weight distribution for all the rays in the system, since its arguments are both position and direction. In cases in which the field is paraxial and where the system is described by a simple linear relation in the ray regime, the Wigner function is constant under propagation along rays. An equivalent property holds for optical pulse propagation in dispersive media under analogous assumptions. Several properties and applications of the Wigner function in these contexts are discussed, as is its connection with other common phase-space distributions like the ambiguity function, the spectrogram, and the Husimi, P, Q, and Kirkwood–Rihaczek functions. Also discussed are modifications to the definition of the Wigner function that allow extending the property of conservation along paths to a wider range of problems, including nonparaxial field propagation and pulse propagation within general transparent dispersive media.
Methods of integrals of motion, coherent states, dynamical symmetry group, and density matrix formalism are used to describe the propagation of light in weakly inhomogeneous media, in particular, in a two-dimensional medium having a quadratic transverse distribution of the refractive index and an arbitrarily inhomogeneous longitudinal distribution. Expressions are obtained for the trajectories and widths of the modes and rays. The coefficients of coupling between the modes and rays due to the longitudinal inhomogeneity of the medium and distortion of the axis are discussed. It is shown that, for certain laws of longitudinal inhomogeneity, matching occurs when no energy redistribution takes place between the modes and mismatch is found when all the energy is coupled out of the medium. On the basis of these effects, methods of matched joining of two different graded-index optical waveguides and of coupling light out of a graded-index waveguide are proposed. It is shown that each initial mode of the medium is strongly coupled to three final modes. These results may be used in fiber-optic communication lines.
The authors discuss the harmonic oscillator problem in the domains of classical mechanics and the parabolic index optical waveguide problem in the domains of ray optics. While discussing the classical mechanics and the ray optics of the two problems the authors have used the Lagrangian formalism which allows them to see the close relationship between the two problems. In part II of the paper the authors study the corresponding quantum mechanical and wave optical problems. In particular whilst looking at the time evolution of a coherent state the authors demonstrate that it has a close relationship to the propagation of a Gaussian beam in a parabolic index optical waveguide.
The exact analytic and steady-state solutions are derived for high-order Gaussian beam propagation modes in media with quadratic radial refractive index and gain (loss) profiles based on the slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA). Explicit expressions of the solutions are given for some useful specific cases. Possible applications of the present theory to optical cavities and waveguides with such media and to problems of optical bistability in cavities having media with quadratic radial index and absorption profile are discussed.