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Quantization Essence

Stanislav Ordin

Published Oct 24, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

Ideal resonance does not fade, and thus, it is, as it were, out of time. Therefore, the corresponding Planck QUANTUM, which determines the STATIONARY allowed states of energy, is simply a reflection of the ideal resonance. So the corresponding Planck QUANTUM, which determines the STATIONARY Allowed States of Energy, is simply a reflection of the Ideal Resonance. And modern “Quantum Mechanics,” which moved away from both Planck’s Quantization and the correct use of the Mechanical Model, simply used a simplified analysis of the Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator. The fundamental difference of QUANTUMS is only that for frequencies not equal to zero and their minimum energy of the resonance-quantum has a finite, non-zero initial value, which also determines the minimum distance between the allowed energy levels. At the same time, the internal structure of the QUANTUM can not only be electromagnetic, like Planck’s, and not only be acoustic, like Einstein’s, but also be determined by the so-called de Broglie matter waves. However, in order to remove any mysticism from QUANTUMS, one must UNDERSTAND that the DUALISM introduced by them is determined by Pontryagin’s functional connection of the ELEMENTARY PARTICLE and the packet of waves that form it.

DOI
10.1201/9781003570615-20

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Ideal resonance does not fade, and thus, it is, as it were, out of time. Therefore, the corresponding Planck QUANTUM, which determines the STATIONARY allowed states of energy, is simply a reflection of the ideal resonance. So the corresponding Planck QUANTUM, which determines the STATIONARY Allowed States of Energy, is simply a reflection of the Ideal Resonance. And modern “Quantum Mechanics,” which moved away from both Planck’s Quantization and the correct use of the Mechanical Model, simply used a simplified analysis of the Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator. The fundamental difference of QUANTUMS is only that for frequencies not equal to zero and their minimum energy of the resonance-quantum has a finite, non-zero initial value, which also determines the minimum distance between the allowed energy levels. At the same time, the internal structure of the QUANTUM can not only be electromagnetic, like Planck’s, and not only be acoustic, like Einstein’s, but also be determined by the so-called de Broglie matter waves. However, in order to remove any mysticism from QUANTUMS, one must UNDERSTAND that the DUALISM introduced by them is determined by Pontryagin’s functional connection of the ELEMENTARY PARTICLE and the packet of waves that form it.
Ideal Resonance does not fade, and thus, it is, as it were, out of time. So the corresponding Planck QUANTUM, which determines the STATIONARY Allowed States of Energy, is simply a reflection of the Ideal Resonance. which "Quantum Mechanics" used on the example of the Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator. And the fundamental difference of QUANTUMS is only that for frequencies not equal to zero and their minimum energy of the Resonance-Quantum has a finite, non-zero initial value, which also determines the minimum distance between the allowed energy levels. At the same time, the internal structure of the QUANTUM can be not only electromagnetic, like Planck's, and not only acoustic, like Einstein's, but also be determined by the so-called de Broglie matter waves. But, in order to remove any mysticism from QUANTUMS, one must UNDERSTAND that the DUALISM introduced by them is determined by Pontryagin's functional connection of the ELEMENTARY PARTICLE and the Packet of Waves that form it.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, it became clear that some experiments cannot be explained on the basis of known physics, now referred to as classical physics. In 1900, Max Planck was able to correctly describe the distribution of blackbody radiation energy as a function of wavelength λ or frequency ν = c/λ. He had to accept the existence of energy packets (quanta) with energy E = hν. A few years later, Albert Einstein found that this unexpected relation between energy and frequency is also necessary in order to understand photoemission from metallic surfaces. A decade later, Niels Bohr arrived at the correct equation for the electronic spectrum of the hydrogen atom by applying “quantum conditions” on the motion of the electron around the nucleus and the Planck’s relation E = hν on the energy difference between the energy levels (1916). A decade later, Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan introduced “quantum mechanics” and de Broglie and Schrödinger (1925-1926) introduced “wave mechanics.”
Schrödinger’s “searchlight” allowed the atom to be illuminated and cast its shadow on the “Observer’s Screen”. But the main problem of the modern “Quantum Theory” is precisely that it mistook the shadows from the “Elephant” for the “Elephant” itself, for Reality. This led to the stagnation of the “theory” and, with an increase in the mass of atoms, to a catastrophic discrepancy between the allowed calculated electron energy levels and the experimental Ionization Potentials. But the inclusion of “normal illumination”— UNDERSTANDING gives a “holographic image”—a REAL Quantum Theory, which can be CORRECTLY built on the path laid by Planck-de Broglie-Einstein-Heisenberg-Bohm. Quantization supplements with a new INVARIANT and, strictly mathematically according to Planck, expands and complements the Classics, and does not deny it. In this case, the Resonant orbits of electrons in atoms—Electron Orbitals correspond to the resonant de Broglie waves. Pontryagin’s Dualism of Functional Sets translates Schrödinger’s Uncertainty Principle into the Principle of Certainty = OBSERVABILITY.
Chapter 2 explains how in constructing quantum mechanics, old ideas had to be discarded and well-established principles had to be modified or even abandoned. First it was necessary to be convinced of the physical reality of the atomic structure of matter; then to show that Newtonian mechanics is not directly applicable to the study of the atom; later to show that Maxwell’s electrodynamics alone does not describe all the elementary processes of interaction between an atom and other quantum particles. The chapter takes us from Planck’s energy quantum to Einstein’s quantization as a universal phenomenon, from Bohr’s quantum atom model, and the early quantization rules, to de Broglie’s waves associated with corpuscles in motion. It ends with a corollary on the electrodynamic nature of quantum mechanics.
This chapter presents the origins of quantum mechanics. The story of how people hit on the highly non-intuitive world picture of quantum mechanics, in which the physical state of a system is represented by an element in an abstract linear space and its observable properties by operators in the space, is fascinating and exceedingly complicated. The much greater change from the classical world picture of Newtonian mechanics and general relativity to the quantum world picture came in many steps taken by many people, often against the better judgment of participants. There are three major elements in the story. The first is the experimental evidence that the energy of an isolated system can only assume special discrete or quantized values. The second is the idea that the energy is proportional to the frequency of a wave function associated with the system. The third is the connection between the de Broglie relation and energy quantization through the mathematical result that a wave equation with fixed boundary conditions allows only discrete quantized values of the frequency of oscillation of the wave function (as in the fundamental and harmonics of the vibration of a violin string).
Quantum physics begun with discretising the energy of resonators (Planck 1900). Quantum systems exhibit a substantially smaller amount of stationary states than classical systems (Einstein 1907). Planck’s and Einstein’s worked within statistical physics and electromagnetism. The first step toward quantum mechanics was, perhaps, Bohr’s 1913 atom model. The task was to explain the stability of the atoms and the frequencies and intensities of their spectral lines. Two of these three tasks concern stationary properties. Heisenberg’s 1925 matrix mechanics mastered them through a radical “reinterpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations”, where that article tackles the harmonic oscillator. The Bohr orbitals result directly from Schrodinger’s 1926 wave mechanics, though the discretisation method is that of classical resonators. The reuse of the classical expressions for the kinetic and potential energies needs justification. Without that, the tunnel effect remains a mystery provided that justification through an axiomatic deduction of the stationary and time-dependent Schrodinger equations from Euler‘s and Helmholtz’s rather than Newton’s and Hamilton’s representations of classical mechanics. Referring to Einstein, the stationary quantum states are selected out of the classical continuum not through the classical eigenvalue method, but using the intrinsic discreteness of the stationary Schrodinger equation and energy conservation. Unbound states are naturally included. The effective potential energy is always smaller than the total energy; a quantum particle does not ‘tunnel’ through a barrier, but jumps over a hill. The smooth transition from classical to quantum mechanics facilitates to teach and understand the latter one. One can give decent details why reality cannot at all be represented by a continuous field. From the Quantum phenomena it appears to follow with certainty that a finite system of finite energy can be completely described by a finite set of numbers (quantum numbers). This does not seen to be in accordance with a continuum theory and must lead to an attempt to find a purely algebraic theory of or the description of reality. It leads to the insight that, if gravity is a fundamental interaction and Quantum Mechanics is universally valid, the gravitational field will have to be quantized, not at least because of the inconsistency of semi-classical theories of gravity. The quantization must be adroitly sufficient, which implies specifically that the subsequent quantum hypothesis must be foundation autonomous. This can't be accomplished by methods for quantum field hypothetical procedures. The goal of a hypothesis of Quantum Gravity would then be to recognize the quantum properties and the quantum elements of the gravitational field. If this means to quantize General Relativity, the general-relativistic identification of the gravitational field with the space time metric has to be taken into account. The quantization must be reasonably sufficient, which implies specifically that the subsequent quantum hypothesis must be foundation free. This can't be accomplished by methods for quantum field hypothetical techniques. One of the fundamental prerequisites for such a quantization technique is, that the subsequent quantum hypothesis has a traditional breaking point that is (in any event roughly, and up to the known phenomenology) indistinguishable from General Relativity. Be that as it may, should gravity not be an essential, yet an incited, lingering, developing connection, it could in all likelihood be an inherently old style marvel. Should Quantum Mechanics be regardless generally substantial, we needed to expect a quantum substrate from which gravity would result as a new traditional marvel. What's more, there would be no contention with the contentions against semi-old style hypotheses, in light of the fact that there would be no gravity at all on the substrate level. The gravitational field would not have any quantum properties to be caught by a hypothesis of Quantum Gravity, and a quantization of General Relativity would not prompt any principal hypothesis. The target of a hypothesis of 'Quantum Gravity' would rather be the ID of the quantum substrate from which gravity results. The requirement that the substrate theory has General Relativity as a classical limit – that it reproduces at least the known phenomenology – would remain. The paper tries to give an overview over the main options for theory construction in the field of Quantum Gravity. Because of the still unclear status of gravity and space time, it pleads for the necessity of a plurality of conceptually different approaches to Quantum Gravity. The most essential motivations for the development of a theory of Quantum Gravity are generally supposed to be based on two (probably interrelated) types of problems(i) the mutual conceptual incompatibility between General Relativity on the one hand and Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory on the other hand.