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Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering

Statistical Analysis of Amplitude Masking for Quantum Noise Stream Cipher by Intensity Modulation

Zhaoyun Li, Yugang Huang, Xin Zhang, Qingsong Luo, Xiaodong Liang, Yukun Zhang, Hai-Yue Pang, Zhi-Yong Tao, Ya-Xian Fan

Published Oct 24, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-031-60347-1_5

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【Objective】To further enhance the security of the Intensity Modulated (IM) / Quantum Noise Stream Cipher (QNSC) system, this paper proposes a security enhancement scheme for the IM/QNSC system assisted by chaotic encryption.【Methods】In this scheme, the legitimate transmitter encrypts the low-order 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) signal into an ultra-high-order PAM-256 signal. Then it uses the intensity chaos generated by a nonlinear delayed chaos source to encrypt the ultra-high-order PAM signal, so as to enhance the security of the IM/QNSC system.【Results】This scheme was numerically verified in IM/QNSC dispersion-managed transmission systems with rates of 56 and 112 Gbit/s. The results show that under the 7% Hard Decision-Forward Error Correction (HD-FEC) threshold, the 56 and 112 Gbit/s encrypted systems achieve transmissions of 400 and 300 km. Under the 20% Soft Decision-Forward Error Correction (SD-FEC) threshold, they achieve transmissions of 700 and 600 km. The security analysis of the scheme shows that the Number of Masked Symbols (NMS) and Detection Failure Probability (DFP) of the scheme are higher than those of the original IM/QNSC system.【Conclusion】Chaotic encryption assistance amplifies the eavesdropping noise in the QNSC system. Compared with the original IM/QNSC system, it improves the system security.

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A quantum noise stream cipher scheme (QNSC) based on triangular quadrature amplitude modulation (TQAM) and the secret probabilistic shaping (SPS) is studied. Compared with rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), TQAM is a more compact symmetrical structure, which results in better transmission performance and greater noise masking number. Then, SPS is realized, where the probabilistic shaping information as the secret key is masked into noise and transmitted with the encrypted signal simultaneously. The combination of SPS and QNSC makes it impossible for an attacker to obtain the ciphertext, which enhances the security of QNSC scheme without introducing additional key. TQAM and probabilistic shaping improve the transmission performance of QNSC scheme. Under 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold in back-to-back system, compared with QAM/QNSC systems, TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 0.6 dB, and SPS-TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 1.2 dB. The proposed scheme is demonstrated with the net data rate of 34.28 Gbit/s over 140 km single-span standard single mode fiber.

Journal of Lightwave Technology•Oct 2, 2023•16 citations
【Objective】To further enhance the security of the Intensity Modulated (IM) / Quantum Noise Stream Cipher (QNSC) system, this paper proposes a security enhancement scheme for the IM/QNSC system assisted by chaotic encryption.【Methods】In this scheme, the legitimate transmitter encrypts the low-order 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) signal into an ultra-high-order PAM-256 signal. Then it uses the intensity chaos generated by a nonlinear delayed chaos source to encrypt the ultra-high-order PAM signal, so as to enhance the security of the IM/QNSC system.【Results】This scheme was numerically verified in IM/QNSC dispersion-managed transmission systems with rates of 56 and 112 Gbit/s. The results show that under the 7% Hard Decision-Forward Error Correction (HD-FEC) threshold, the 56 and 112 Gbit/s encrypted systems achieve transmissions of 400 and 300 km. Under the 20% Soft Decision-Forward Error Correction (SD-FEC) threshold, they achieve transmissions of 700 and 600 km. The security analysis of the scheme shows that the Number of Masked Symbols (NMS) and Detection Failure Probability (DFP) of the scheme are higher than those of the original IM/QNSC system.【Conclusion】Chaotic encryption assistance amplifies the eavesdropping noise in the QNSC system. Compared with the original IM/QNSC system, it improves the system security.
A quantum noise stream cipher scheme (QNSC) based on triangular quadrature amplitude modulation (TQAM) and the secret probabilistic shaping (SPS) is studied. Compared with rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), TQAM is a more compact symmetrical structure, which results in better transmission performance and greater noise masking number. Then, SPS is realized, where the probabilistic shaping information as the secret key is masked into noise and transmitted with the encrypted signal simultaneously. The combination of SPS and QNSC makes it impossible for an attacker to obtain the ciphertext, which enhances the security of QNSC scheme without introducing additional key. TQAM and probabilistic shaping improve the transmission performance of QNSC scheme. Under 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold in back-to-back system, compared with QAM/QNSC systems, TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 0.6 dB, and SPS-TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 1.2 dB. The proposed scheme is demonstrated with the net data rate of 34.28 Gbit/s over 140 km single-span standard single mode fiber.