European Frequency and Time Forum

A Novel Scheme of Doppler-Free Spectroscopy by Differential Detection

Tenghui Yang, Peter Yun, Bisong Wang, Qiang Hao

Published Jun 25, 2024• 2 citations

Abstract

We propose and implement a differential detection scheme of Doppler-free spectroscopy. By setting the proper relative polarization direction between the linearly polarized probe and pump beam, which are spatially counter-propagated and overlapped, simultaneous enhanced absorption and transmission are observed by detecting the parallel and perpendicular polarization components of the transmitted probe beam. The differential signal with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also obtained, which is desired for compact optical reference, high-resolution spectroscopy and so on.

DOI: 10.1109/eftf61992.2024.10722424

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European Frequency and Time Forum

A Novel Scheme of Doppler-Free Spectroscopy by Differential Detection

Tenghui Yang, Peter Yun, Bisong Wang, Qiang Hao

Published Jun 25, 2024• 2 citations

Publisher

Abstract

DOI: 10.1109/eftf61992.2024.10722424

Related papers

Differential Detection of Doppler-Free Spectroscopy with Modulation Transfer

Tenghui Yang, Peter Yun

Combined with the modulation transfer method, we successfully observe a frequency discriminating signal with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the scheme of differential detection of Doppler-free spectroscopy. In our previous counter-propagated pump-probe scheme, two orthogonal polarization components of the probe beam constrictive and destructive interact with dark state prepared by the pump beam, respectively. This led to simultaneous enhanced absorption and transmission by detecting the parallel and perpendicular polarization components of the transmitted probe beam. In this presentation, we add modulation to the pump beam, error signals are obtained by synchronous demodulating the probe beam transmission with the help of the four-wave mixing process in the light-atom interaction system. Our method not only boost the SNR of the error signal of differential detection signal compared to the traditional one, but also mitigate atomic resonance broadening and shift induced by direct modulation of the probe beam thanks to the modulation transfer spectroscopy. This new method may find applications in high-performance optical reference, high-resolution spectroscopy and so on.Combined with the modulation transfer method, we successfully observe a frequency discriminating signal with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the scheme of differential detection of Doppler-free spectroscopy. In our previous counter-propagated pump-probe scheme, two orthogonal polarization components of the probe beam constrictive and destructive interact with dark state prepared by the pump beam, respectively. This led to simultaneous enhanced absorption and transmission by detecting the parallel and perpendicular polarization components of the transmitted probe beam. In this presentation, we add modulation to the pump beam, error signals are obtained by synchronous demodulating the probe beam transmission with the help of the four-wave mixing process in the light-atom interaction system. Our method not only boost the SNR of the error signal of differential detection signal compared to the traditional one, but also mitigate atomic resonance broadening and shift induced by direct modulation of the probe beam thanks to the modulation transfer spectroscopy. This new method may find applications in high-performance optical reference, high-resolution spectroscopy and so on.

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We propose a novel pulsed optical method based on saturated absorption spectroscopy, where the pump beam is periodically switched on and off using pulse amplitude modulation. This periodic alternation enables time-division multiplexing of the same probe beam into both probe and reference signals, achieving differential Doppler-free spectroscopy with a deterministic zero background. This method effectively mitigates Doppler broadening and common-mode optical noise by addressing disturbances such as nonuniform background absorption and environmental noise, thereby offering enhanced accuracy and robustness. Using this technique, we measured the transition frequency of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$ isotopes in the $^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P_{1/2}$ transition. By employing an error signal derived from the dispersive signal of $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$ , we achieved efficient stabilization of a 369.5-nm ultraviolet diode laser, demonstrating a frequency stability of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ (26 kHz) over a 1500-s averaging period and a locking point standard deviation of 850 kHz sustained over 10 days. Furthermore, we report the first in situ observation of Doppler-free Zeeman sublevel spectra in a hot ion system, highlighting the precision of this method and its potential application in measuring magnetic field gradients.We propose a novel pulsed optical method based on saturated absorption spectroscopy, where the pump beam is periodically switched on and off using pulse amplitude modulation. This periodic alternation enables time-division multiplexing of the same probe beam into both probe and reference signals, achieving differential Doppler-free spectroscopy with a deterministic zero background. This method effectively mitigates Doppler broadening and common-mode optical noise by addressing disturbances such as nonuniform background absorption and environmental noise, thereby offering enhanced accuracy and robustness. Using this technique, we measured the transition frequency of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$ isotopes in the $^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P_{1/2}$ transition. By employing an error signal derived from the dispersive signal of $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$, we achieved efficient stabilization of a 369.5-nm ultraviolet diode laser, demonstrating a frequency stability of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ (26 kHz) over a 1500-s averaging period and a locking point standard deviation of 850 kHz sustained over 10 days. Furthermore, we report the first in situ observation of Doppler-free Zeeman sublevel spectra in a hot ion system, highlighting the precision of this method and its potential application in measuring magnetic field gradients.

Physical Review AAug 12, 20250 citations

{D}_{1}

line of the

\mathrm{Rb}

atom. We report a theoretical model showing that the Zeeman coherence induced between magnetic sublevels---especially in the $F\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=F\ensuremath{-}1$ systems, with

F

and ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ being the hyperfine quantum numbers of the ground and excited states, respectively---plays a key role in the observed enhanced-absorption process. The theoretically predicted behavior matches the experimental observations well. The impact of light polarization, laser intensity, magnetic field, and cell temperature on the Doppler-free resonance features is experimentally investigated. For application, two identical diode lasers are frequency-stabilized onto enhanced-absorption sub-Doppler resonances. The fractional frequency stability of the laser beatnote is measured to be $1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ at

1\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}

and $8.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ at

{10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}

. These results demonstrate the potential of this scheme for the implementation of a compact or even chip-scale optical frequency reference, which might find applications in instrumentation, navigation, and metrology.

{\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}

isotopes in the $^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P_{1/2}$ transition. By employing an error signal derived from the dispersive signal of

^{174}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}

, we achieved efficient stabilization of a 369.5-nm ultraviolet diode laser, demonstrating a frequency stability of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ (26 kHz) over a 1500-s averaging period and a locking point standard deviation of 850 kHz sustained over 10 days. Furthermore, we report the first in situ observation of Doppler-free Zeeman sublevel spectra in a hot ion system, highlighting the precision of this method and its potential application in measuring magnetic field gradients.