Modern aeroponic systems leverage internet of things (IoT) technology for automated control of climate, lighting, and nutrient delivery, rendering them susceptible to unauthorized access and network attacks. Such disruptions can lead to financial losses and impair agricultural productivity by altering essential growth conditions. To mitigate these risks, robust security measures including encryption and firewalls are essential, alongside continuous monitoring and updates to combat evolving threats. Addressing cyber threats in urban aeroponic systems, implementing quantum encryption emerges as a promising solution. Quantum key distribution (QKD) ensures highly secure encryption keys using quantum states that change upon eavesdropping, thereby thwarting intrusion attempts effectively. Integrating quantum encryption in aeroponic control systems safeguards data integrity and operational continuity against cyber threats, bolstering urban agriculture resilience. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of quantum BB84 protocol integrated with API for Eve’s security. Quantum bit error rate (QBER) measurements revealed minimal interference (0.015) for Alice and Bob, contrasting with higher initial QBER (up to 1.0) for Eve, indicative of intrusion attempts. Histogram analysis further underscored quantum security’s effectiveness in identifying and mitigating breaches. For future research, enhancing quantum encryption protocols and integrating advanced detection mechanisms will be essential.
Modern aeroponic systems leverage internet of things (IoT) technology for automated control of climate, lighting, and nutrient delivery, rendering them susceptible to unauthorized access and network attacks. Such disruptions can lead to financial losses and impair agricultural productivity by altering essential growth conditions. To mitigate these risks, robust security measures including encryption and firewalls are essential, alongside continuous monitoring and updates to combat evolving threats. Addressing cyber threats in urban aeroponic systems, implementing quantum encryption emerges as a promising solution. Quantum key distribution (QKD) ensures highly secure encryption keys using quantum states that change upon eavesdropping, thereby thwarting intrusion attempts effectively. Integrating quantum encryption in aeroponic control systems safeguards data integrity and operational continuity against cyber threats, bolstering urban agriculture resilience. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of quantum BB84 protocol integrated with API for Eve’s security. Quantum bit error rate (QBER) measurements revealed minimal interference (0.015) for Alice and Bob, contrasting with higher initial QBER (up to 1.0) for Eve, indicative of intrusion attempts. Histogram analysis further underscored quantum security’s effectiveness in identifying and mitigating breaches. For future research, enhancing quantum encryption protocols and integrating advanced detection mechanisms will be essential.
Ensuring secure data transmission in agrotechnical monitoring systems using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is critical due to increasing cyber threats, particularly with the advent of quantum computing. This study proposes the integration of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), based on the BB84 protocol, as a secure key management mechanism to enhance data security in UAV-based geographic information systems (GIS) for monitoring agricultural fields and forest fires. QKD is not an encryption algorithm but a secure key distribution protocol that provides information-theoretic security by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics. Rather than replacing traditional encryption methods, QKD complements them by ensuring the secure generation and distribution of encryption keys, while AES-128 is employed for efficient data encryption. The QKD framework is optimized for real-time operations through adaptive key generation and energy-efficient hardware, alongside Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) compression to improve the bandwidth efficiency. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves secure key generation rates up to 50 Mbps with minimal computational overhead, maintaining reliability even under adverse environmental conditions. This hybrid approach significantly improves data resilience against both quantum and classical cyber-attacks, offering a comprehensive and robust solution for secure agrotechnical data transmission.
The Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture (AgriIoT) networks are changing the way farming is being conducted by the means of precision sensors, UAVs, and automated control. However, these systems are subjected to security risks in terms of eavesdropping, spoofing, and tampering of data by the distributed wireless architecture. Classical cryptographic tools, which are useful over a short period of time, can be compromised by quantum adversaries. To address these risks, we investigate quantum photonic approaches for secure data transmission in smart agricultural IoT networks. Based on the advances in blockchain-controlled trust schemes, self-powered IoT, and sustainable hydroponics surveillance schemes, we introduce a hybrid design that combines quantum key distribution (QKD) with the photonic channels and consensus-based access control. Photonic technologies used to date in agronomy in sensor and control technologies are already being applied to secure communication. Findings indicate that there are better-secure key generation with channel noise, low chances of leakage, and protection against future quantum attacks. The publication is an outline to the next generation Agri-IoT systems in which quantum photonics will guarantee confidentiality, authenticity, and sustainability.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced rapid growth, resulting in a proliferation of interconnected devices in domains such as smart homes, cities, and healthcare applications. Ensuring secure communication within IoT networks is crucial for protecting privacy and data. The BB84 protocol, a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, shows promise in enhancing IoT communication security. This paper presents a comprehensive security analysis of the BB84 protocol in IoT networks, examining key aspects including entropy, execution time, quantum bit error rate (QBER), and cryptographic key generation efficiency. The analysis aims to evaluate the protocol's resilience against potential attacks and its suitability for securing IoT communications. We delve into the evaluation of entropy levels in the key generation process to ensure strong cryptographic properties. We also examine the correlation between execution time and QBER to determine the protocol's efficiency and ability to counter timing-based attacks. Additionally, we analyze the efficiency of the keys generated by the BB84 protocol, taking into consideration factors such as key size, generation rate, and computational overhead. These evaluations allow us to assess the protocol's suitability for resource-constrained IoT devices
Quantum communication leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, for inherently secure data transmission that can detect any eavesdropping attempt. This research addresses the limitations of classical encryption by proposing a hybrid Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol that integrates the Bennett & Brassard 1984 Protocol(BB84) and Scarani-Acín-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 Protocol(SARG04) protocols. The primary objective is to enhance resilience against advanced threats such as Photon Number Splitting (PNS) and collective attacks, which are significant vulnerabilities in standard QKD implementations. The quantum channel is modeled using Qiskit Aer's noise framework, incorporating fiber attenuation (0.1−0.25dB/km), depolarization (1−5%), and detector dark counts (0.01−0.03probability), varied across 10 rounds. A simulation spanning 10 rounds evaluated key metrics, including Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), photon loss, and final key entropy. The results demonstrate the protocol's robustness, achieving a 0 % QBER in 50 % of the trials, representing a significant improvement in secure key generation. The average QBER across all rounds was 12.5 %, which is well below the 11 % theoretical threshold for secure communication. The highest QBER recorded was5 0 %in Round 02, where high depolarization and an eavesdropping attempt were simulated. The work's findings indicate that the hybrid BB84-SARG04 protocol significantly enhances the security and reliability of quantum communication.
With the growing Internet of Things (IoT), many applications like traffic management, smart cities, environment monitoring, industrial automation and healthcare have been revolutionized. As the number of resourcelimited IoT devices grows and connects with each other, security issues have become more intricate and severe, such as unauthorized access, data tampering, replay attacks, and the rise in threat from quantum computing to traditional cryptographic methods. To solve those problems, this paper proposes Quantum Shield-IoT, which is a quantum-resilient hybrid security framework that combines the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol of BB84 with ASCON lightweight authenticated encryption, blockchain security, and cloud computing to ensure secure end-to-end data transmission in IoT. The BB84 protocol works both to generate quantum secure cryptographic keys, and to identify eavesdropping via Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) analysis. The generated keys are used by ASCON-128 to ensure efficient data confidentiality, integrity and authentication with low computation load, which makes it suitable for resourceconstrained IoT devices. Encrypted data are securely stored in the cloud while the data integrity and traceability of the SHA-256 hash values are ensured by being stored on the blockchain, making them irretrievable. Encrypted data are stored securely in the cloud, while the data integrity and traceability of the hash value ensure irretrievable storage through the blockchain. The proposed framework was implemented using IBM Quantum Qiskit, ASCON-128, blockchain platforms and cloud storage. Experimental results show that quantum bit error rate (QBER) varies from 2.1% to 3.5% for typical communication and 24.8% for eavesdropping attempts, proving reliable QKD. ASCON encryption range was between 8.2 ms and 69.5 ms, and blockchain verification was less than 25 ms for 1,000 transactions with more than 99% of the integrity accuracy. Moreover, the framework achieved an attack detection rate higher than 97.9% in several cyberattacks and hence provided a scalable, light-weight and quantum resistant security solution for next generation IoT ecosystems.
This paper presents an enhanced Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol to strengthen the security of smart grid systems through secure communication and signature verification. As smart grids increasingly depend on digital communication, safeguarding them against cyber threats is paramount. Our approach incorporates Hadamard, SWAP, and rotation gates to fortify the BB84 protocol, ensuring secure key exchange while verifying the integrity and authenticity of transmitted data between smart meters and grid operators. Experimental results demonstrate that the protocol provides efficient key generation, encryption, and decryption while improving eavesdropping detection. With 10 qubits, the protocol achieved a key generation rate of 957 bits and successfully encrypted messages. These findings suggest that QKD offers a robust security framework for smart grid environments, providing superior resistance to both quantum and classical attacks.