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International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)

Theoretical Investigation on Detecting Terahertz Waves by Rydberg Atoms

Lei Hou, Qihui He, Junnan Wang, Lei Yang, Xiasi Sun, Wei Shi

Published Sep 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A five level Rydberg atomic system was proposed to detect the THz waves with the frequency of 0.17 THz. The calculation results show that the Aulter-Townes splitting distance is in direct proportion to the applied THz electric field intensity in the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectrum.
DOI
10.1109/irmmw-thz60956.2024.10697712

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We propose a four level Rb Rydberg atom system to detect the terahertz (THz) waves with the frequency of 0.17 THz under room temperature and simulate the factors that influence the detection of THz waves. The simulation results show that the Aulter- Townes splitting interval in the electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum is proportional to the applied THz electric field intensity, and the sensitivity of the detection system is higher than that of the existing room temperature THz detectors.
A comprehensive study of three-photon electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on the cesium (133Cs) cascade is performed. When a THz electric field is applied on the133CS atoms, the EIT peak splits into a doublet, known as Autler-Townes (AT) splitting, and the AT splitting interval is proportional to the strength of the applied THz field. At the same time, we explored the impact of Rabi frequencies of various light fields on EIT-AT signal by numerically solving the Lindblad master equation. Due to the relative simplicity and cryogen-free nature of this system, it has the potential to provide a route to the high-sensitivity detection across the THz frequency range, and provide an alternative to calorimetric methods.
As terahertz (THz) technology rapidly develops, room temperature THz detectors with high sensitivity and wide bandwidth are urgently required. Rydberg atoms are very sensitive to external electric fields, and offer a promising approach for THz detection with exceptional sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a method for measuring the THz field with the frequency of 0.17 THz using 85Rb Rydberg atoms. By analyzing the probe laser transmission spectrum and atomic population, the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting effect are explained by the presence and splitting of the Rydberg dark states; the THz field, coupling laser and probe laser play a crucial role in the EIT signal; and the EIT spectral transmission will increase when the atomic population of the excited state decreases. Moreover, a method was demonstrated to improve the THz detection sensitivity by changing the eigenfrequencies of the Rydberg dark states with THz detuning. This work finds the relationship between EIT-AT effect and atomic population of Rydberg atoms caused by THz wave and provides what we believe to be a new method to improve the detection efficiency.
In recent years, terahertz (THz) technology has made significant progress in numerous applications; however, the highly sensitive, room-temperature THz detectors are still rare, which is one of the bottlenecks in THz research. In this paper, we proposed a room-temperature electrometry method for THz detection by laser spectroscopy of cesium ( Cs 133) Rydberg atoms, and conducted a comprehensive investigation of the five-level system involving electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA), and Autler–Townes (AT) splitting in Cs 133 cascades. By solving the Lindblad master equation, we found that the influence of the THz electric field, probe laser, dressing laser, and Rydberg laser on the ground state atomic population as well as the coherence between the ground state and the Rydberg state, plays a crucial role in the transformation and amplitude of the EIT and EIA signals. Temperature and the atomic vapor cell’s dimensions affect the number of Cs 133 atoms involved in the detection, and ultimately determine the sensitivity. We predicted the proposed quantum coherence THz detection method has a remarkable sensitivity of as low as 10 −9 V m −1 Hz −1/2 . This research offers a valuable theoretical basis for implementing and optimizing quantum coherence effects based on Rydberg atoms for THz wave detection with high sensitivity and room-temperature operation.
Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in an atomic vapor cell can be used as novel methods for electric-magnetic field detection. Here we make use of 3 infrared lasers to realize a Rydberg EIT system in a thermal rubidium vapor cell. With the AT splitting induced by the THz radiation, we observe a linear trend between THz field amplitude and the frequency splitting of the absorption dips and EIT transmission peaks. Due to the well-known atomic transition dipole moment of the Rydberg state, the THz electric field can be calibrated from the frequency splitting, making this Rydberg atomic measurement system a practical tool for THz field detection.
The bandwidth and sensitivity of traditional terahertz detection devices are limited by material properties and working temperature. Here, we proposed a four-level Rydberg atom detection method, which can realize real-time detection for the absolute strength of the terahertz electric field under room temperature with the detection bandwidth of 0-5 THz. By theoretical analysis and formula derivation, the relation among the terahertz electric field strength, excitation energy level, coupling photoelectric field strength, gas cell temperature and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal are studied in detailed. The NEP of this method is proven to be 10−17W/Hz1/2in the range of 0-1 THz, which is three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the traditional optimal thermal detection system. This research has important reference value for the later high-sensitivity detection and application development of terahertz waves