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First Steps to Quantum Resilience: Identifying ‘Broken Concepts’ in Australia’s National Security Laws

Susanne Lloyd-Jones, Kayleen Manwaring

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.2139/ssrn.4976322

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Quantum technologies are reshaping the future for international relations as they introduce communication, computing, encryption, and sensing capabilities that are unprecedented. This paper explores how the United States and China are tactically racing to dominate quantum technologies, examining how this competition influences the national security strategy of Australia, a key actor within the Indo-Pacific region. Australia is known as a middle power as well as U.S. ally. Its detailed geopolitical context is shaped by new quantum abilities and treaty duties. Grounded in policy analysis and expert literature, this study evaluates the disruptive potential of quantum advancements in global power dynamics through Realism's theoretical lens using a qualitative methodology. The paper concludes quantum technologies represent not merely scientific breakthroughs, but powerful tools of calculated advantage as they carry far-reaching implications for international security, alliances, plus the future balance of power.
Quantum computing simulators form the classical software foundation on which virtually all quantum algorithm research depends. We present Broken Quantum, the first comprehensive formal security audit of the open-source quantum computing simulator ecosystem. Applying COBALT QAI -- a four-module static analysis engine backed by the Z3 SMT solver -- we analyze 45 open-source quantum simulation frameworks from 22 organizations spanning 12 countries. We identify 547 security findings (40 CRITICAL, 492 HIGH, 15 MEDIUM) across four vulnerability classes: CWE-125/190 (C++ memory corruption), CWE-400 (Python resource exhaustion), CWE-502/94 (unsafe deserialization and code injection), and CWE-77/22 (QASM injection -- a novel, quantum-specific attack vector with no classical analog). All 13 vulnerability patterns are formally verified via Z3 satisfiability proofs (13/13 SAT). The 32-qubit boundary emerges as a consistent formal threshold in both C++ and Python vulnerability chains. Supply chain analysis identifies the first documented case of vulnerability transfer from a commercial quantum framework into US national laboratory infrastructure (IBM Qiskit Aer to XACC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory). Nine frameworks score 100/100 under all four scanners; Qiskit Aer,Cirq, tequila, PennyLane, and 5 others score 0/100.