In the digital era, the security of image data has become increasingly important. This study aims to develop an image encryption scheme based on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) to enhance the security of image data transmission and storage. The proposed scheme first utilizes QKD to generate and distribute secure encryption keys, ensuring the unconditional security of the key distribution process. Subsequently, FRFT is employed to perform complex transformations on the image data, using fractional order parameters to achieve multi-scale representation of the image in both time and frequency domains, thereby increasing the complexity and security of the encryption process. Experimental results demonstrate that this scheme exhibits significant advantages in terms of the quality of encrypted images and their resistance to attacks. Specifically, the encrypted images possess high Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), effectively resisting various attacks. Comparative analysis further verifies the superiority of this scheme in terms of security and efficiency. In summary, the proposed combination of QKD and FRFT for image encryption holds great potential and research value in the protection of image data.
In the digital era, the security of image data has become increasingly important. This study aims to develop an image encryption scheme based on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) to enhance the security of image data transmission and storage. The proposed scheme first utilizes QKD to generate and distribute secure encryption keys, ensuring the unconditional security of the key distribution process. Subsequently, FRFT is employed to perform complex transformations on the image data, using fractional order parameters to achieve multi-scale representation of the image in both time and frequency domains, thereby increasing the complexity and security of the encryption process. Experimental results demonstrate that this scheme exhibits significant advantages in terms of the quality of encrypted images and their resistance to attacks. Specifically, the encrypted images possess high Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), effectively resisting various attacks. Comparative analysis further verifies the superiority of this scheme in terms of security and efficiency. In summary, the proposed combination of QKD and FRFT for image encryption holds great potential and research value in the protection of image data.
The rise of quantum computing poses an imminent threat to traditional cryptographic algorithms such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (RSA), necessitating innovative solutions to ensure data security in the post-quantum era. This paper introduces a novel multi-level image encryption system that combines post-quantum and conventional techniques to address this challenge. By leveraging the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) to decompose images, encrypting low-frequency components with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and securing AES keys with the quantum-resistant Learning with Errors (LWE) method, this approach offers robust protection against classical and quantum attacks. Empirical evaluations using metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), entropy, and correlation coefficients demonstrate the system's ability to maintain image quality while delivering exceptional security. Scalable and effective, this framework is well-suited for safeguarding critical applications in fields such as medicine, defense, and finance.
A new optical security system for image encryption based on a fractional joint transform correlator and nonlinear filtering is proposed.The position of the lens in the proposed optical encryption setup can be chosen, so that an additional key is introduced in the security system.The distributions at the input and output planes of the encryption system are related by a fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) at a given fractional order that is defined, among other parameters, by the focal length and the position of the lens in the setup; this fractional order acts as an additional key of the security system.The optical intensity of the complex distribution in the fractional Fourier domain (output plane) is captured by a CCD camera.The nonlinearity introduced in the last step of the encryption process, maintains the encrypted function as a real-valued function.The security system proposed in this work is an generalization of the encryption system based on a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC), from the Fourier domain to the fractional Fourier domain.Additional advantages of the proposed system are: new degrees of freedom for the optical setup, alleviated alignment requirement, and the introduction of an additional key (the fractional order of the FrFT) that improves security.Numerical simulations verify the validity of this new optical security system.
Abstract We present an optical encryption approach based on the combination of fractal Fresnel lens (FFL) and fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). Our encryption approach is in fact a four-fold encryption scheme, including the random phase encoding produced by the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, a FFL, and two FrFTs. A FFL is composed of a Sierpinski carpet fractal plate and a Fresnel zone plate. In our encryption approach, the security is enhanced due to the more expandable key spaces and the use of FFL overcomes the alignment problem of the optical axis in optical system. Only using the perfectly matched parameters of the FFL and the FrFT, the plaintext can be recovered well. We present an image encryption algorithm that from the ciphertext we can get two original images by the FrFT with two different phase distribution keys, obtained by performing 100 iterations between the two plaintext and ciphertext, respectively. We test the sensitivity of our approach to various parameters such as the wavelength of light, the focal length of FFL, and the fractional orders of FrFT. Our approach can resist various attacks.
Based on a fractional-order quantum cellular neural network (QCNN), we present a new image encryption method. This technique uses an anamorphic fractional Fourier transform and was designed to solve the current insufficiency of nonlinearities that exist in optical cryptosystems. The primary advantage of an anamorphic transform is the additional degree of freedom offered from the fractional order, which increases flexibility of the optical system. First and second chaos random phase masks were obtained through the fractional-order QCNN system with varying parameters which provide a complex key space. An input image was processed by the first chaos random phase mask and then transformed using an anamorphic fractional Fourier transform. An encrypted image was then produced using the second chaos random phase mask and the second anamorphic fractional Fourier transform. The cryptosystem exhibited powerful resistance against many sorts of potential attacks, such like noise and occlusion. The simulation experiments verify the security and effectiveness of scheme in this paper.
Data, especially image data, is transmitted at an incredible rate due to the exponential growth in the number of connected devices brought about by the fast development of consumer electronics. Data transmission security remains fundamental in effective communication systems, especially with the emergence of the quantum era. Quantum advancements challenge traditional asymmetric cryptography, necessitating the requirement for new encryption schemes. The multimedia encryption schemes pose further challenges due to its large size, structural complexity, real-time requirements, and unique attack vectors specific to multimedia data. The current classical image encryption algorithms do not fully address the challenges posed by Quantum technology for securing the multimedia transmission. This paper proposes a hybrid framework combining Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), chaos-based encryption, and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to secure multimedia data, particularly images, in IoT consumer electronic networks. Integrating 2D-Logistic Sine Coupling Map (2D-LSCM), initialized with the Keys generated from QKD, and NTRU algorithm, this scheme achieves robust security and efficient performance. This new architecture improves processing speeds and enhances specificity and sensitivity values, fortifying chaotic map performance. Our experimental results and comprehensive security analysis demonstrate the security and performance of the framework. Correlation Analysis using Person correlation coefficient, with a nearing zero value, ensures the confidentiality of the encrypted image.
Secure image transmission is increasingly vital in the digital era, especially against emerging quantum threats. This study proposes a hybrid image encryption scheme that integrates Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using the BB84 protocol with a combination of 7-dimensional (7D) and 2-dimensional (2D) hyperchaotic systems to achieve robust security. The BB84 protocol facilitates quantum-assisted key exchange, ensuring resistance to eavesdropping, while the hyperchaotic systems provide high entropy and complex randomness, utilized in a layered permutation-substitution encryption framework. The initial seeds for chaotic sequences are derived using a SHA-512 hash of both the input image and quantum-generated key, ensuring uniqueness and sensitivity. Experimental validation was conducted using several benchmark images. The information entropy values of the ciphered images reached up to 7.9993, indicating excellent randomness. Differential analysis showed high resistance to small perturbations, with NPCR exceeding 99.61% and UACI averaging around 33.47%, which meet standard security thresholds. Histogram and chi-square tests confirmed the uniform pixel distribution, with chi-square values below 280, satisfying the randomness criterion for 8-bit images. Furthermore, correlation coefficients of adjacent pixels dropped to near zero, evidencing effective decorrelation. The encryption scheme also demonstrated robustness to data loss, as shown by the successful decryption of partially corrupted cipher images. Robustness testing under partial data loss (200×200-pixel blocks) also demonstrated visual recoverability and algorithm resilience. Overall, the proposed BB84-assisted dual-hyperchaotic encryption scheme offers a secure and computationally effective solution for protecting sensitive image data, making it suitable for post-quantum secure communications.