The tremendous progress of 5G technology has transformed the landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for fast data speeds, low delay, and widespread connection that is crucial for a variety of applications, including smart cities and industrial automation. In the context of 5G enabled IoT networks, colored noise introduces varying levels of interference across different frequency bands, which can significantly degrade the performance of 5G LDPC decoding. This paper presents a novel Deep learning approach for 5G channel LDPC code decoding tailored for next-generation IoT applications. The proposed method integrates an Iterative Normalized Min-Sum (NMS) algorithm with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to enhance the performance of LDPC decoding in the presence of colored noise, a common interference in real-world communication channels. Through extensive simulations and analysis, our approach demonstrates a significant performance improvement, achieving a 3.8 dB enhancement at a Bit error rate of$10^{-6}$. This is achieved by accurately estimating and mitigating channel noise, thereby ensuring reliable data transmission for critical IoT applications. The findings indicate that our approach to decoding technique not only enhances error correction capabilities but also adapts to varying channel conditions, optimizing IoT network performance and efficiency. This research contributes a robust solution to the challenges posed by colored noise in 5G-enabled IoT networks, promoting the deployment of more reliable and efficient IoT systems.
The tremendous progress of 5G technology has transformed the landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for fast data speeds, low delay, and widespread connection that is crucial for a variety of applications, including smart cities and industrial automation. In the context of 5G enabled IoT networks, colored noise introduces varying levels of interference across different frequency bands, which can significantly degrade the performance of 5G LDPC decoding. This paper presents a novel Deep learning approach for 5G channel LDPC code decoding tailored for next-generation IoT applications. The proposed method integrates an Iterative Normalized Min-Sum (NMS) algorithm with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to enhance the performance of LDPC decoding in the presence of colored noise, a common interference in real-world communication channels. Through extensive simulations and analysis, our approach demonstrates a significant performance improvement, achieving a 3.8 dB enhancement at a Bit error rate of10−6. This is achieved by accurately estimating and mitigating channel noise, thereby ensuring reliable data transmission for critical IoT applications. The findings indicate that our approach to decoding technique not only enhances error correction capabilities but also adapts to varying channel conditions, optimizing IoT network performance and efficiency. This research contributes a robust solution to the challenges posed by colored noise in 5G-enabled IoT networks, promoting the deployment of more reliable and efficient IoT systems.
With the deployment of 5G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced a transformative boost, enabling higher data rates, reduced latency, and the connection of millions of devices across applications like smart cities, healthcare, and industrial automation. However, in real-world scenarios, the performance of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes, the preferred channel coding scheme in 5G, is severely affected by noise and fading environments, particularly colored noise, which distorts signals over certain frequency bands. Colored noise introduces correlation in the interference, unlike white noise, thereby posing a challenge in decoding, especially in fading channels such as Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m. In this work, we propose a novel approach that combines the Iterative Offset Min-Sum (OMS) algorithm with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to enhance LDPC decoding efficiency in 5G-enabled IoT networks. Our proposed OMS-CNN hybrid architecture addresses the limitations imposed by colored noise in fading channels by employing deep learning techniques for accurate noise estimation and mitigation. Furthermore, the OMS algorithm mitigates the overestimation of noise correction, refining the output in iterative decoding steps. Through comprehensive simulations, the OMS-CNN decoder demonstrates substantial improvements over traditional decoding approaches. Specifically, it achieves a performance enhancement of 2.7 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of [Formula: see text] across a range of fading channels. The study examines the decoder's performance in environments characterized by Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m fading models, highlighting the robustness of the proposed solution under different channel conditions. Additionally, this research explores the influence of parameters such as the correlation coefficient of the noise, the scaling factor in the cost function, and the number of iterations between the CNN and OMS decoding steps.
This paper presents the novel Stochastic decoding-convolutional neural network (SD-CNN) structure, with the goal of enhancing 5G LDPC code’s decoding efficiency in the presence of correlated noise of the channel. Applying the stochastic approach acts as an alternate technique to fixed-point LDPC decoding to enhance the decoder’s hardware efficiency. In order to improve the efficacy of the decoder, we adopted deep learning method such as Convolutional neural network (CNN). CNNs can be employed for denoising purposes in communication systems, where signals may be compromised by diverse forms of noise while being transmitted, with the aim of enhancing signal quality and dependability. The SD-CNN architecture combines a trained CNN with a stochastic decoder of 5G LDPC codes, thereby utilizing the CNN’s capability to accurately estimate channel noise and, consequently, enhance the error correction capabilities of the decoder. The generated output of the trained CNN is then fed back into the stochastic decoder, creating an iterative process between the SD and CNN that ultimately leads to superior decoding performance. For 5G LDPC code word lengthN=3808, with a base code rateR=1/3, the suggested SD-CNN architecture achieves a BER of10−6at 0.6 dB of SNR per bit in the strong correlation of channel noise condition, in comparison to SD, which achieves a BER of10−6at 3.5 dB of SNR per bit. The results demonstrate that there is a 2.9 dB improvement.
This thesis investigates the optimization of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) decoding through machine learning techniques, with a specific focus on 5G communication systems. Traditional LDPC decoding algorithms face a critical trade-off: Belief Propagation (BP) offers excellent error-correction performance but with high computational complexity, while Min-Sum (MS) reduces complexity at the cost of degraded performance. To address this limitation, a hybrid neural network architecture is proposed that incorporates learnable normalization and offset weights into the message-passing framework of LDPC decoders. This approach integrates multiplicative (normalization) and additive (offset) weights into the Tanner graph structure, allowing the decoder to adapt to specific channel conditions. A novel weighted binary cross-entropy loss function is developed that prioritizes entire block recovery by assigning different importance to information and parity bits during training. Experimental results demonstrate that ML-assisted decoder consistently outperforms conventional Min-Sum decoding, approaching the error-correction capability of Belief Propagation while maintaining comparable computational efficiency to Min-Sum. Comprehensive evaluations across different weight configurations (scalar and vector-based) reveal that increased parametrization generally improves decoding performance. Analysis of the impact of iteration counts shows that the optimal number of decoding iterations varies between different code configurations with studied Basegraph 1 case requiring 15 iterations for optimal performance while studied Basegraph 2 case benefits significantly from 20 iterations. The proposed ML-assisted LDPC decoder represents a significant advancement for 5G systems, offering improved error correction at lower signal strengths while balancing latency and computational requirements. This research contributes to the ongoing evolution of wireless technology by demonstrating how machine learning can effectively enhance traditional decoding algorithms, providing a practical pathway toward more efficient and adaptive error correction in modern communication systems.
LDPC code is a widely-used high-performance error correction code. In recent years, LDPC decoding based on deep learning and neural networks becomes a research hotspot. Based on the (512,256) LDPC code of the CCSDS standard, this paper firstly studies the traditional decoding algorithms of SP, MS, NMS, and OMS, laying a foundation for the construction of neural networks. Then a data-driven (DD) decoding method is studied which adopts the information with its encoded, modulated and noise-added LDPC code as the training data within a Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network. In order to solve the problem of high bit error rate (BER) in data-driven method, the Neural Normalized Min-sum (NNMS) decoding in which the NMS algorithm is mapped to the neural network structure is proposed, achieving more excellent BER performance than that of NMS. The BER declines by 85.19% when channel SNR equals to 3.5 dB. Finally, improved training methods to enhance the SNR generalization ability of the NNMS network is studied.
Today's modern wireless communication systems demand extensive quality and computational power with an increase in day-to-day data-rate standards. The latest com-munication standards focus on low latency, high throughput, and reliable error correction capabilities which inspired us to explore the 5G New Generation (NR) technology. Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (LDPC) are known to have error correction capabilities that can achieve Shannon's maximum channel ca-pacity. Encoding of LDPC Codes features a sparse property that enables effortless decoding at the receiver end. Advancements in deep learning have helped in estimating the channel noise more accurately. The Iterative Belief Propagation-Convolutional Neural Network (BP-CNN) architecture involves a CNN block which is trained with a quadratic loss function concatenated to a standard BP Decoder. The proposed Iterative BP-CNN architecture with a Batch Normalization layer results in a better performance compared to the Iterative BP-CNN architecture as it standardizes the input to the CNN block and also solves the problem of vanishing gradients during backpropagation.
The success of deep learning has encouraged its applications in decoding error-correcting codes, e.g., LDPC decoding. In this paper, we propose a model-driven deep learning method for normalized min-sum (NMS) low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding, namely neural NMS (NNMS) LDPC decoding network. By unfolding the iterative decoding progress between checking nodes (CNs) and variable nodes (VNs) into a feed-forward propagation network, we can harvest the benefits of both the model-driven deep learning and the conventional normalized min-sum (NMS) LDPC decoding method. In addition, we proposed a shared parameters NNMS with the LeakyReLU and a 12-bit quantizer (SNNMS-LR-Q) which reduces the number of required multipliers and correction factors by sharing parameters, increasing the nonlinear fitting ability by adding LeakyReLU. By utilizing the 12-bit quantizer, we can improve the confrontation ability. Thorough experiments with different code lengths, code rates, channel conditions, and check matrices are implemented to demonstrate the advantages and robustness of our proposed networks. The BER performance of the proposed NNMS is 1.5 dB better than the NMS, using fewer iterations. Meanwhile, The SNNMS-LR-Q outperforms the NNMS regarding the BER performance and efficiency.