As we know the main results of quantum physics in 1900 Planck began to obtain mainly because of the need to describe the experimental data. Therefore, it further became necessary to obtain theoretical justifications for these results. This means to obtain proofs of these results on the basis of the basic equations of theoretical physics, i.e. equations that are obtained on the way where the right choice of results is made performing the role of the basis of the theory of thought. As is known, these problems began to be solved, taking as a basis the possibilities of the following new ideas of Bohr. That quantum physics should be considered as a generalization of classical physics. But as we know, this path led to the results of matrix mechanics. Results for which such contradiction as non-commutativity of multiplication is inherent. In this paper for obtaining proofs for the results of Planck's quantum physics the fundamental ideas in the field of scientific philosophy were taken as a basis. That is philosophy where from the very beginning for the basis of the theory of thinking the possibilities of equations of algebra and arithmetic are accepted.
As we know the main results of quantum physics in 1900 Planck began to obtain mainly because of the need to describe the experimental data. Therefore, it further became necessary to obtain theoretical justifications for these results. This means to obtain proofs of these results on the basis of the basic equations of theoretical physics, i.e. equations that are obtained on the way where the right choice of results is made performing the role of the basis of the theory of thought. As is known, these problems began to be solved, taking as a basis the possibilities of the following new ideas of Bohr. That quantum physics should be considered as a generalization of classical physics. But as we know, this path led to the results of matrix mechanics. Results for which such contradiction as non-commutativity of multiplication is inherent. In this paper for obtaining proofs for the results of Planck's quantum physics the fundamental ideas in the field of scientific philosophy were taken as a basis. That is philosophy where from the very beginning for the basis of the theory of thinking the possibilities of equations of algebra and arithmetic are accepted.
It is well known that in 1900, after Planck obtained the basic equation of quantum theory, there came a moment when it became necessary to obtain a theoretical justification of this equation. In 1911, based on the possibility of Gibbs' canonical distribution function (CDF), he solved this problem partially: he obtained a justification for the second multiplier of his equation. Then on the basis of the analysis of these results he stated that henceforth in the role of the basic concept of quantum theory there is a necessity to accept the possibility of the concept of the quantum of action. However, Poincaré at the same congress criticized these new ideas. For he recognized the value of the idea of the quantum of action in solving only frequent problems. Therefore, he further, in his article entitled "On the Theory of Quanta", made the following conclusion: in his opinion, the main essence of quantum theory is connected with the concept of the quantum of energy [1]. Thus, he wanted to say that in the future the main results of Planck's quantum theory have the possibility to substantiate only if the possibility of the concept of energy quantum is taken as more general. In this paper an attempt is made to prove that it is really so.
Richard Feynman wrote in [1]: "The next great era of human intelligence awakening may create a methodology for understanding the qualitative content of equations". However, he did not say how this goal could be achieved. In this paper, this goal was achieved by adopting the fundamental ideas of Descartes' scientific philosophy. That is, the idea that from the very beginning the equation of algebra and arithmetic was taken as the basis of the theory of thought. Then, when the problems of geometry, kinematics, physics are solved...And so that on this way the possibilities of the method of separation of variables and the method of abolition of variables were correctly used. The results which could be obtained on this way just turned out to be the results inherent for quantum geometry, quantum kinematics, quantum physics.... That is results on the basis of which it was really possible to put in order intellectual achievements of mankind.
It is known that there was a disagreement between Bohr and Einstein about the nature of the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. In 1949, in the work "Remarks on Articles," Einstein clearly expressed his thoughts on this issue. He wrote: "All this discussion was needed only to clarify the following. By attempting to defend the thesis that statistical quantum theory can in principle give a complete description of individual systems, we come to highly improbable theoretical concepts. On the other hand, the aforementioned interpretive difficulties of the theory disappear if quantum-theoretical descriptions are considered as descriptions of ensembles of systems".
Planck's introduction of the quantum of action in 1900 was followed by 25 years of trial and error in quest of the understanding of the quantum world; different ideas and directions had to be pursued until the path leading to the elementary quantum theory was discovered. Radical changes away from traditional perceptions about natural phenomena were necessary, the entire system of basic concepts in classical physics had to be abandoned and replaced by a new mode of thought. Continuity and determinism of classical laws were no longer applicable on the quantum scale, where dynamical behaviour proceeds by discontinuous and statistical quantum transitions. Albert Einstein laid the essential foundations for the new concept; Max Born made the decisive step further leading to the breakthrough in 1925. The development of the ideas, which eventually resulted in the elementary quantum theory in 1925/26, will be described, relying on original publications and letters written during that period in time by the major contributors. The fundamental laws of Quantum Theory derived by Max Born and Pascual Jordan may mathematically be represented in many different ways, and particular emphasis is given to the distinction between physical content and mathematical representation.
The previous chapters contain many examples of the successful application of quantum mechanics to the solution of real physical problems. These represent only a small sample of the wide range of experimental results, spanning just about all areas of physics and chemistry and beyond, that have been successfully explained by quantum theory. So far at least, no quantum-mechanical prediction has been experimentally falsified. Despite these successes, however, many scientists have considered the basic conceptual framework of the subject to be unsatisfactory, and repeated attempts have been made to reinterpret quantum mechanics, or even replace it with a different theory whose philosophical and conceptual basis could be considered more acceptable. In the present chapter we shall explain the reasons for this dissatisfaction and outline some of the reinterpretations and alternative approaches that have been devised. Inevitably many of the questions that arise in this area are matters of opinion rather than fact and, for this reason, some physicists consider that they belong more properly to the realm of philosophy than of physics. However, the conceptual basis of quantum mechanics is so fundamental to our whole understanding of the nature of the physical universe that it should surely be important for physicists to understand the nature of the problems involved, if nothing else.1,2 16.1 THE CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS In this section we outline some of the main areas of difficulty with a view to more detailed discussion later in the chapter.
The problem of existence in philosophy and modern fundamental physics is discussed. In quantum mechanics, the attribute of existence is attributed not only to objects and physical fields, but also to wave packets, the main functions of which are to indicate the list of possibilities that can be realized after the reduction of the wave packet. At the same time, the wave packets gravitate . Therefore, from the point of view of philosophy, wave packets ( Possible ) should be ranked among the Being as its separate element in addition to objects and physical fields. Further, using an example from mechanics, the statement is made that the true reality is described precisely by quantum mechanics, while the classical theory gives only a description of reality that is close to reality, but nevertheless an illusory description. In this sense, the complementarity principle of N. Bohr is not an addition or a contradiction but must be resolved by the primacy in favor of quantum mechanics.