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Chinese Optics Letters

Simultaneous detection of position and temperature of micromagnet using a quantum microscope

Zhenrong Shi, Zhonghao Li, Huanfei Wen, Hao Guo, Zongmin Ma, Jun Tang, Jun Liu

Published Jan 1, 2024• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Micromagnets, as a promising technology for microscale manipulation and detection, have been the subject of extensive study.However, providing real-time, noninvasive feedback on the position and temperature of micromagnets in complex operational environments continues to pose a significant challenge.This paper presents a quantum imaging device utilizing diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers capable of providing simultaneous feedback on both the position and temperature of a micromagnet.The device achieves a temporal resolution of 2 s and a spatial resolution of 1.3 μm.Through flux localization analysis, we have determined a positioning accuracy within 50 μm and a temperature accuracy within 0.4 K.

DOI
10.3788/col202422.101202

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Micromagnets, as a promising technology for microscale manipulation and detection, have been the subject of extensive study.However, providing real-time, noninvasive feedback on the position and temperature of micromagnets in complex operational environments continues to pose a significant challenge.This paper presents a quantum imaging device utilizing diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers capable of providing simultaneous feedback on both the position and temperature of a micromagnet.The device achieves a temporal resolution of 2 s and a spatial resolution of 1.3 μm.Through flux localization analysis, we have determined a positioning accuracy within 50 μm and a temperature accuracy within 0.4 K.
Quantum sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have attracted intensive interest due to their superior measurement sensitivity even at the single-spin level. Such a sensitive quantum spin sensor incorporating a scanning apparatus may offer a way to image spins on surfaces and micromagnetic structures. Apart from high sensitivity, superspatial resolution represents another appealing feature, although it is challenging to achieve for a NV-based scanning microscope. Here, we propose a hybrid scanning microscope scheme under ambient conditions by using single-nitrogen-vacancy-center spin in diamond to achieve high spatial resolution. With a detailed numerical analysis, we demonstrate that it is feasible to detect and distinguish individual spins with a nanometer spatial resolution.
Abstract Quantum sensing based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond has shown excellent properties. Combined with the imaging technique, it shows exciting practicability. Here, we demonstrate the simultaneously imaging technique of magnetic field and temperature using a wide-field quantum diamond microscope. We describe the operating principles of the diamond microscope and report its sensitivity (magnetic field ${\sim}1.8~\mu \mbox{T/Hz}^{1/2}$ ∼ 1.8 μ T/Hz 1 / 2 and temperature ${\sim}0.4~\mbox{K/Hz}^{1/2}$ ∼ 0.4 K/Hz 1 / 2 ), spatial resolution (1.3 μm), and field of view ( $400 \times 300~\mu \mbox{m}^{2}$ 400 × 300 μ m 2 ). Finally, we use the microscope to obtain images of an integrated cell heater and a PCB, demonstrating its ability in the application of magnetic field and temperature simultaneously imaging at wide-field.
The diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have stable spin-coherent properties at room temperature. They are easily initialized and read out, highly manipulable, and hold great promise for quantum precision measurements. In this article, we construct a magnetic flux concentration (MFC) structure combined with a quantum spin manipulated magnetometer of NV centers. This structure is further combined with a uniform spatial magnetic field gradient to achieve high-resolution microdisplacement (MD). MD measurement with and without MFC is realized using Ramsey’s principle. The sensitivity of MD measurement with MFC is 150.84 mV/mm, and the experimental test range is 105–107 mm. The resolution of MD detection has been experimentally verified to be 1.95μm\mu \text{m}μmwithout MFC and 49 nm with MFC. The resolution of MD detection has been improved by a factor of 39.8. The displacement shot-noise-limited sensitivity of the magnetometer can reach 0.21 nm/Hz1/2^{\text {1/2}}1/2. The results demonstrate that utilizing quantum spin manipulation and the MFC effect enables achieving both high resolution and rapid detection of MD for NV centers in systematic diamonds. This offers a novel approach for high-resolution MD measurement.
In modern-day quantum metrology, quantum sensors are widely employed to detect weak magnetic fields or nanoscale signals. Quantum devices, exploiting quantum coherence, are inevitably connected to physical constants and can achieve accuracy, repeatability, and precision approaching fundamental limits. As a result, these sensors have shown utility in a wide range of research domains spanning both science and technology. A rapidly emerging quantum sensing platform employs atomic-scale defects in crystals. In particular, magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has garnered increasing interest. NV systems possess a combination of remarkable properties, optical addressability, long coherence times, and biocompatibility. Sensors based on NV centers excel in spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. These diamond-based sensors promise comparable combination of high spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity without cryogenic operation. The above properties of NV magnetometers promise increasingly integrated quantum measurement technology, as a result, they have been extensively developed with various protocols and find use in numerous applications spanning materials characterization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), condensed matter physics, paleomagnetism, neuroscience and living systems biology, and industrial vector magnetometry. In this chapter, NV centers are explored for magnetic sensing in a number of contexts. In general, we introduce novel regimes for magnetic-field probes with NV ensembles. Specifically, NV centers are developed for sensitive magnetometers for applications where microwaves (MWs) are prohibitively invasive and operations need to be carried out under zero ambient magnetic field. The primary goal of our discussion is to improve the utility of these NV center-based magnetometers.
Precise positioning of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is crucial for their application in sensing and quantum information. Here we present a new purely optical technique enabling determination of the NV position with nanometer resolution. We use a confocal microscope to determine the position of individual emitters along the optical axis. Using two separate detection channels, it is possible to simultaneously measure reflected light from the diamond surface and fluorescent light from the NV center and statistically evaluate both signals. An accuracy of 2.6 nm for shallow NV centers was achieved and is consistent with other techniques for depth determination.
Diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have attracted extensive research interest for quantum sensing applications across various physical domains, owing to their prolonged coherence times and the capability of optical readout at room temperature, which offers a promising technical pathway for detecting fast-responding and transient signals in emerging power systems. This work presents a quantum sensing device based on the Zeeman and Stark effects of NV centers, designed for power system measurement applications, with a rated voltage of 10kV and a rated current of 1kA, enabling simultaneous voltage and current sensing. The device achieves a measurement accuracy of 0.69% under the rated voltage of 10 kV and +0.23% under the rated current of 1 kA, verifying the feasibility of employing quantum sensing based on NV centers for simultaneous voltage and power measurements in power systems.