The sums of position- and momentum-space mutual information measures are used to examine the pairwise and higher-order statistical correlation in the ground states of N-particle coupled oscillators. Analytical expressions for these measures are shown to be related to the logarithmic interaction energies of these states, plus those of mirror states where the intensities of the one- and two-body potentials are interchanged, and the nature of the attractive or repulsive interaction is opposite to that in the original state. The measures separate the contributions from the interactions and those from the effective interactions due to marginalization into different terms. The pairwise mutual information sum is linearly related to the Shannon entropy sum in two particle systems, while the total correlation sum exhibits a similar relationship in three particle ones. In the latter instance, the interaction information sum can be related to entropy differences. This illustrates how entropy sums are connected to correlation measure sums in these systems. All measures approach zero with large N, when the magnitudes of the one- and two-body potentials are fixed. The pair mutual information and total correlation sums decay monotonically with N in the presence of an attractive potential and monotonically increase with a repulsive potential. On the other hand, the interaction information sum exhibits a minimum at small N, with an attractive potential. This is a consequence of the higher-order correlations governing behavior at smaller N while the pairwise ones dominate at larger N. Results are presented when the magnitude of the one-body potential is set to N.
The sums of position- and momentum-space mutual information measures are used to examine the pairwise and higher-order statistical correlation in the ground states of N-particle coupled oscillators. Analytical expressions for these measures are shown to be related to the logarithmic interaction energies of these states, plus those of mirror states where the intensities of the one- and two-body potentials are interchanged, and the nature of the attractive or repulsive interaction is opposite to that in the original state. The measures separate the contributions from the interactions and those from the effective interactions due to marginalization into different terms. The pairwise mutual information sum is linearly related to the Shannon entropy sum in two particle systems, while the total correlation sum exhibits a similar relationship in three particle ones. In the latter instance, the interaction information sum can be related to entropy differences. This illustrates how entropy sums are connected to correlation measure sums in these systems. All measures approach zero with large N, when the magnitudes of the one- and two-body potentials are fixed. The pair mutual information and total correlation sums decay monotonically with N in the presence of an attractive potential and monotonically increase with a repulsive potential. On the other hand, the interaction information sum exhibits a minimum at small N, with an attractive potential. This is a consequence of the higher-order correlations governing behavior at smaller N while the pairwise ones dominate at larger N. Results are presented when the magnitude of the one-body potential is set to N.
Interaction information, a measure of higher-order statistical correlations, is examined in quantum systems consisting of three coupled and uncoupled oscillators, in position and in momentum space. The magnitudes of the interaction information are greater than zero, and equal in both spaces, in the uncoupled case. This is interpreted as a dominance of synergic effects due to the indistinguishability of particles, and is larger for symmetric wave functions compared to antisymmetric ones. In symmetric wave functions, the magnitude of interaction information increases with the coupling strength, and the inclusion of coupling reveals differences in behavior between the spaces. With attractive potentials, interaction information is positive in momentum space (synergic) and negative in position space (redundant). This is reversed with repulsive potentials. It is now position space which yields positive values, while momentum space gives negative ones. The inclusion of spin provides antisymmetric wave functions which yield that the overall tendencies are maintained. However, there are regions for both attractive and repulsive potentials where the sign of interaction information changes, with the interpretation that the balance changes from a dominance of synergic to that of redundant interactions, and vice versa. This suggests that the nature of the interactions in these systems can be tuned with the coupling strength.
Tuning Pair and Higher‐Order Mutual Information Measures in Oscillator Systems with NN‐Dependent Frequencies
Abstract Analytical expressions for pair and higher‐order mutual information measures in position and momentum space are examined for many‐particle () coupled oscillator systems in their ground states. These relations reveal that the magnitudes of the statistical correlations monotonically increase with the strength of the particle interaction for all particle numbers (). On the other hand, the magnitudes of the measures monotonically decrease as increases, when the intensities of the one‐ and two‐body potentials are fixed. However, extremal points appear in the measures as is varied, when the intensity of the one‐body potential is ‐dependent, and set at . Fractional values of lead to the appearance of extremal points. These results illustrate how the intensity of the one‐body potential can be used to tune the behavior of the statistical correlation measures in these systems.
The effects of quantum interferences and interaction strength on the entropic uncertainty relations, and on mutual information correlation sums, are examined in two-level superposition states of two coupled oscillators. The presence of quantum interferences results in a movement of the entropy sums toward the uncertainty relation bound, for both attractive and repulsive interaction potentials. On the other hand, these interferences suppress the statistical correlations in the presence of an attractive potential, while the correlations increase for a repulsive one. In general, stronger interactions between particles move the entropy sums away from bound, with the result that the systems possess larger statistical correlations. However, there are superposition and attractive interaction regimes, where the entropy sum of an interacting system can actually lie closer to the bound, in comparison to the corresponding non-interacting one. In these cases, the statistical correlations between particles is lesser for the interacting systems, as compared to the non-interacting ones. These effects are not observed when repulsive potentials are present. Here, the non-interacting systems lower-bound both the entropy sums and correlation measures. These results offer insights into the nature of superposition or quantum interference effects in interacting quantum systems, and the behavior in terms of the entropic uncertainty relations, statistical correlations and interaction strength. Resumen. Se examinan los efectos que las interferencias cuánticas y la magnitud de la interacción tienen sobre las relaciones de incertidumbre entrópicas, así como sobre las sumas correlaciones me didas a través de la información mutua, en estados de superposición de dos niveles de dos osciladores acoplados. La presencia de interferencias cuánticas da como resultado un movimiento de las sumas entrópicas hacia la cota de la relación de incertidumbre, tanto para potenciales de interacción atractivos como repulsivos. Por otra parte, en presencia de un potencial atractivo, estas interferencias suprimen las correlaciones estadísticas, mientras que las correlaciones aumentan en presencia de uno repulsivo. En general, con interacciones más fuertes entre partículas, las sumas de entrópicas se alejan de la cota, dando como resultado mayores correlaciones estadísticas en los sistemas. Sin embargo, existen regímenes de superposición e interacción atractiva, en los cuales la suma entrópica de un sistema interactuante puede estar más cerca de la cota, en comparación con el sistema no interactuante correspondiente. En estos casos, las correlaciones estadísticas entre partículas son menores para los sistemas interactúantes que para los no interactuantes. Estos efectos no se observan en los potenciales repulsivos. En este caso, los sistemas no interactuantes establecen límites inferiores tanto para las sumas entrópicas como para las medidas de correlación. Estos resultados dan información sobre la naturaleza de los efectos de superposición o interferencia cuántica en sistemas cuánticos interactuantes, y su comportamiento en términos de relaciones de incertidumbre entrópica, correlaciones estadísticas y fuerza de interacción.
We study the correlation of the ground state of an N-particle Moshinsky model by computing the Shannon entropy in both position and momentum spaces. We have derived the Shannon entropy and mutual information with analytical forms of such an N-particle Moshinsky model, and this helps us test the entropic uncertainty principle. The Shannon entropy in position space decreases as interaction strength increases. However, Shannon entropy in momentum space has the opposite trend. Shannon entropy of the whole system satisfies the equality of entropic uncertainty principle. Our results also indicate that, independent of the sizes of the two subsystems, the mutual information increases monotonically as the interaction strength increases.
Abstract The dependence of the entropic uncertainty relations on particle number and on attractive and repulsive interparticle potential strengths, is examined in the ground state of coupled harmonic oscillators. The reduced entropy sums depend on the normalization constants of the position and momentum densities, which in turn depend on particle number and interaction strength. These sums exhibit maxima as the particle number is varied, when the particles are in the presence of attractive potentials. On the other hand, no maxima are observed for systems with a repulsive potential. All reduced entropy sums increase and move away from the bound with greater interactions. Consistent behaviours are observed for both reduced one- and two-variable entropy sums. Further reductions of the N-particle densities induce that the respective entropy sums are now farther away from the corresponding bounds. The interpretation of these results is that reduction and increased interaction translates into a weakening of the strength of the uncertainty principle statement. The one- and two-variable entropy sums of these systems are shown to approximate the a + b ln N relation, when the intensity of the one-body harmonic potential is set at the number of particles.
We study the influence of the interparticle and confining potentials on statistical correlation via the correlation coefficient and mutual information in ground and some excited states of the Moshinsky atom in position and momentum space. The magnitude of the correlation between positions and between momenta is equal in the ground state. In excited states, the correlation between the momenta of the particles is greater than between their positions when they interact through an attractive potential whereas for repulsive interparticle potentials the opposite is true. Shannon entropies, and their sums (entropic formulations of the uncertainty principle), are also analyzed, showing that the one-particle entropy sum is dependent on the interparticle potential and thus able to detect the correlation between particles.