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Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

Experimental photonic quantum computation with high-dimensional cluster states

Ohad Lib, Yaron Bromberg

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally generate large photonic cluster states at high rates through high-dimensional spatial encoding. We use a record-large 10-plane light converter to coherently control the quantum state and to realize time-efficient measurement-based quantum gates.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2024.qw4a.3

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Photons are excellent carriers of quantum information; their polarization remains coherent for long times and it is easy to measure and precisely rotate. The fundamental hurdle with photon-based quantum information processing is the lack of direct photon-photon interactions to provide entanglement between pairs of photons. Recent proposals show the ability to build large cluster states from small entangled states using non-deterministic operations, but the generation of deterministic high-fidelity small entangled states remains a challenge. In this talk, we will show how the necessary cluster-state building blocks for large-scale quantum computation can be created from coupled solid-state quantum emitters without the need for any two-qubit gates and regardless of whether the emitters are identical. We provide a recipe for the generation of two-dimensional, ‘cluster-state’ entangled photons that can be carried out with existing experimental capabilities.
The field of high-dimensional quantum photonics involves the use of multimode photonic degrees-of-freedom such as the spatial, temporal, or spectral structure of light to encode multi-level quantum states. Recent years have seen rapid progress in the development of methods to generate, manipulate, and distribute such quantum states of light and their use in a range of quantum technology applications that offer practical advantages over conventional qubit-based approaches. High-dimensional quantum states of light encoded in photonic time-bins, frequency-bins, transverse-spatial modes, waveguide paths, and temporal modes have enabled noise-robust fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, error-resilient and high-capacity quantum communication protocols, andas well as efficient approaches for quantum information processing, to name just a few examples. However, research in this field has progressed fairly independently, with little exchange across different photonic degrees-of-freedom or between experiment and theory and no comprehensive comparison between degrees-of-freedom. This roadmap aims to bridge this gap by surveying progress in each area and identifying shared challenges and opportunities that cut across two or more photonic degrees-of-freedoms. We review early work and state-of-the-art experimental techniques under development for high-dimensional quantum states encoded in single and entangled photons, as well as theoretical tools for their measurement and certification. We outline the main outstanding challenges for theory and each experimental degree-of-freedom, identifying promising future directions of research that may enable these to be overcome. We end by discussing interconnections and shared challenges centered around their distribution, measurement, and manipulation, with a view towards their integration into next-generation quantum technology platforms and applications.
In the race to demonstrate a scalable and fault tolerant quantum computing (QC) platform, quantum photonics stands poised to have a major impact. In particular, by encoding quantum information over fields rather than photons (continuous-variable—CV, rather than discrete-variable—DV, quantum information), record-size quantum processors were demonstrated in spectral and in temporal quantum field combs. These demonstrations used the measurement-based QC paradigm, which is based on cluster entangled states. In this talk, I will outline two of our recent results: proposals for generating hypercubic cluster states by phase modulation of the quantum optical frequency comb and for generating fault-tolerant hybrid CV-DV encodings called Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill states. The latter leverages CV cluster states along with our experimental ability to perform photon-number-resolving measurements up to 100 photons.