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International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks

Investigation of Spontaneous Raman Scattering in Combined Classical and Quantum Communication Networks

Eszter Udvary, Flóra Viktória Kárpát

Published Jul 14, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Including Quantum Key Distribution service into classical high-speed optical data transmission networks applying a dense wavelength division multiplexing technique via one joint fibre is a cost-effective solution to improve the network’s security. Several noise sources degrade the quality of the quantum channel in this multichannel system. Optical filtering cannot eliminate the optical nonlinear effects, like Spontaneous Raman Scattering caused by the classical optical channels. The paper thoroughly investigates this nonlinear optical effect with different combined classical and quantum system topologies. The applied model uses experimental values of Spontaneous Raman Scattering.

DOI
10.1109/icton62926.2024.10648255

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Including Quantum Key Distribution service into classical high-speed optical data transmission networks applying a dense wavelength division multiplexing technique via one joint fibre is a cost-effective solution to improve the network’s security. Several noise sources degrade the quality of the quantum channel in this multichannel system. Optical filtering cannot eliminate the optical nonlinear effects, like Spontaneous Raman Scattering caused by the classical optical channels. The paper thoroughly investigates this nonlinear optical effect with different combined classical and quantum system topologies. The applied model uses experimental values of Spontaneous Raman Scattering.
Integrating Quantum Key Distribution service with classical high-speed optical data transmission using a dense wavelength division multiplexing technique in a fiber is a cost-effective solution to improve the network's security. In this multichannel system, several noise sources degrade the quality of the quantum channel. The dominant degradation effect is determined by modeling in different cases. Optical filtering cannot decrease spontaneous Raman Scattering caused by the classical optical channels. So this nonlinear optical effect is investigated in detail with different system parameter setups. The optimal channel allocation and the required bandgap between the classical and quantum channels are determined.
Integrating a quantum communication channel with classical optical communication is a cost-effective, deployment-friendly solution to provide secure data transmission over optical fibres. However, the noise introduced by intense classical signals into the quantum channel severely impacts the performance of quantum communication. This paper evaluates the impact of optical attenuation and Spontaneous Raman Scattering in the quantum communication system. A hybrid Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) solution is investigated by combining experimental and theoretical work. The optimal wavelength allocation strategy is defined.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security based on quantum mechanics. Integrating QKD with classical data traffic by using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques in a single fibre is a cost-efficient way to improve security in legacy infrastructure. In such a system, the main noise source to the quantum channel is spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) caused by the classical channels. In this letter we introduce a channel allocation strategy for both quantum and classical signals to minimize the SRS noise. A use case that quantum and classical channels co-exist in a dense WDM system is investigated. The results show >26% increase of achievable transmission distance for the QKD system when implementing the introduced channel allocation strategy. Moreover, a network updating plan is proposed, which provides a guideline to light the new wavelengths for classical communications while minimizing the SRS noise to quantum channels.
Integrating quantum communication technologies, such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) into existing optical infrastructures is critical to improve their scalability, being a cornerstone of their practical implementations. Since installing optical fibers dedicated for QKD proves to be a costly solution, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) appears to be a viable alternative. This paper investigates viable wavelength selections for the quantum channel in WDM systems. In this research, disturbances from nonlinear effects arising from conventional optical communications are introduced. Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) and Spontaneous Raman Scattering (SpRS) is modeled in various communication scenarios using OptiSystem and VPIphotonics modeling environments. Results from these simulations are evaluated, based on which guidelines are given for optical system design with QKD integration. Techniques for suppressing the noise components from the abovementioned nonlinear effects are proposed. In addition, the noise tolerance of a self-developed plug-and-play QKD architecture - implementing the BB84 protocol - was experimentally investigated to support the modeling.
In this paper, we analyze the impact of the spontaneous Raman scattered noise generated from multiple optical classical channels on a single quantum key distribution channel, all within the telecom C-band. We experimentally measure the noise generated from up to 14 continuous-wave laser sources with different wavelengths using the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) standard, in both propagation directions in respect to the QKD channel, over different standard SMF-28 fiber lengths. We then simulate the expected secure key generation rate for a decoy-states-based system as a function of distance under the presence of simultaneous telecom traffic with different modulation techniques, and show a severe penalty growing with the number of classical channels present. Our results show that, for in-band coexistence, the telecom channels should be distributed as close as possible from the quantum channel to avoid the Raman noise peaks. Operation far from the zero dispersion wavelength of the fiber is also beneficial as it greatly reduces the generation of four-wave mixing inside the quantum channel. Furthermore, narrow spectral filtering on the quantum channels is required due to the harsh limitations of performing QKD under real telecom environments, with the quantum and several classical channels coexisting in the same ITU-T C-band.
In this paper we study performance of the subcarrier-wave quantum key distribution system (SCW QKD) in the presence of spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) noise generated by classical channels of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) network within a single-mode optical fiber. We present the mathematical model for evaluation of the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and the secure key generation rate with the SpRS noise taken into account. We consider two regimes of the SCW QKD system: the continuous wave regime that uses continuous wave laser and the pulsed regime. For these regimes, performance of the system is analyzed depending on receiver sensitivity of classical DWDM. It is found that the pulsed regime outperforms the continuous wave regime in both the secure key generation rate and the maximum achievable distance.