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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Measurement of Correlations in the Parametric Down Conversion Field Using Analog Detectors

Daniil A. Safronenkov, G. Kh. Kitaeva

Published Jul 1, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A method to measure the correlation function of a biphoton field, which does not require single-photon detectors and photocount coincidence schemes, has been proposed and experimentally approved. It is based on the statistical analysis of current data from analog detectors. On an example of the operation of a scheme with analog photomultiplier tubes in the signal and idler channels of degenerate parametric down conversion, it has been shown that this new approach allows one to obtain correlation function values coinciding with the results of the standard photon counting technique. It has been shown how the absolute values of photon numbers and radiation power in the signal channel of the down conversion scheme are determined from the measured correlation function. Analog detection can expand the spectral and dynamic ranges of electromagnetic radiation for the application of quantum optic technologies. A method for the reference-free measurement of the spectral sensitivity of an analog photosensor module has been demonstrated as the first example of application.

DOI
10.1134/s0021364024601982

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Approaches to the standard-free calibration of the quantum efficiency of a wide class of analog detectors based on the measurement of statistical characteristics of fields generated by parametric down-conversion are analyzed. General expressions are obtained for the noise reduction factor of the difference photocurrent and for the covariance of photocurrents in the signal and idler channels that take into account the possibility of strong fluctuations in the amplitudes of single-photon response functions of the detectors used. It is shown that the measurement of the noise reduction factor of the difference photocurrent using detectors that cannot operate in the photon counting mode is on its own insufficient to directly characterize the level of two-mode squeezing in the down-conversion field and to determine the quantum efficiency of photosensitive elements without additional calibration procedures. A method to determine the quantum efficiency of such detectors based on measuring the dependence of the normalized covariance of photocurrents on the parametric gain is proposed.
The second-order correlation function which characterizes the quantum correlation between the optical and terahertz photons generated under spontaneous parametric down-conversion has been measured for the first time. A scheme of experiment based on the analysis of analog signals from terahertz and optical detectors has been proposed. Various approaches to exclude the effect of electronic and thermal noise on the measured correlation level have been discussed. The results make it possible to expand quantum optical technologies such as quantum calibration of detectors, fabrication of single-photon sources, and imaging with single-pixel detectors to the terahertz range.
A new method of absolute measurement of photodetector quantum efficiency based on spontaneous parametric down- conversion (SPDC) biphoton field is discussed. The process of SPDC is studied theoretically. The single photon detection probability and two-photon coincidence probability are derived and the measurement principle of photodetectors is explained. An experimental system has been set up. The quantum efficiency of a photon-counting photomultiplier tube was measured, and the results were compared with that obtained using conventional method.
A new method of absolute calibration of photodetectors based on a nonclassical effect in nonlinear optics is discussed. The combined influence of a monochromatic flux of pump photons and quantum vacuum noise on a nonlinear crystal with no center of symmetry results in the appearance of rigorously correlated pairs of photons with continuous spectral distribution in the spontaneous parametric scattering of light (spontaneous parametric downconversion) process. The presence of an optical field in a broad spectral range created by the two-photon states (biphotons) makes it possible to develop a new method of measuring the spectral distribution of the absolute value of the quantum efficiency of photodetectors, both in photon counting and in analog regimes, that does not use any calibrated standard light sources (étalons). The feasibility of the method is demonstrated on different types of photomultiplier tube.