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International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC)

Artificial Neural Networks for Quantum Sensing: Metrologically Resourceful State Detection

Uman Khalid, Trung Q. Duong, Hyundong Shin

Published Jul 1, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The detection of fundamental quantum resources-namely coherence, discord, and entanglement-benchmarks the metrological power of quantum sensing networks. Traditional methods for certifying these resources, like exhaustive optimization-based tomographic procedures, are resource-intensive and vary significantly. This paper proposes a framework for identifying metrologically useful quantum sensing probes by detecting fundamental quantum resources. Herein, we introduce a witness-based certification method that is experimentally accessible and efficient, though it has limitations in reliability and universality. To address these, we employ artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify quantum states into resourceful and resourceless states, enhancing the scope and reliability of proposed framework. The performance of ANN-based quantum state classification is also analyzed, positioning ANNs as effective tools for data-driven detection of metrologically resourceful states in quantum sensing tasks.

DOI
10.1109/qcnc62729.2024.00048

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The detection of fundamental quantum resources-namely coherence, discord, and entanglement-benchmarks the metrological power of quantum sensing networks. Traditional methods for certifying these resources, like exhaustive optimization-based tomographic procedures, are resource-intensive and vary significantly. This paper proposes a framework for identifying metrologically useful quantum sensing probes by detecting fundamental quantum resources. Herein, we introduce a witness-based certification method that is experimentally accessible and efficient, though it has limitations in reliability and universality. To address these, we employ artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify quantum states into resourceful and resourceless states, enhancing the scope and reliability of proposed framework. The performance of ANN-based quantum state classification is also analyzed, positioning ANNs as effective tools for data-driven detection of metrologically resourceful states in quantum sensing tasks.
Quantum entanglement is a unique phenomenon of quantum mechanics, which has no classical counterpart and gives quantum systems their advantage in computing, communication, sensing, and metrology. In quantum sensing and metrology, utilizing an entangled probe state enhances the achievable precision more than its classical counterpart. Noise in the probe state preparation step can cause the system to output unentangled states, which might not be resourceful. Hence, an effective method for the detection and classification of tripartite entanglement is required at that step. However, current mathematical methods cannot robustly classify multiclass entanglement in tripartite quantum systems, especially in the case of mixed states. In this paper, we explore the utility of artificial neural networks for classifying the entanglement of tripartite quantum states into fully separable, biseparable, and fully entangled states. We employed Bell's inequality for the dataset of tripartite quantum states and train the deep neural network for multiclass classification. This entanglement classification method is computationally efficient due to using a small number of measurements. At the same time, it also maintains generalization by covering a large Hilbert space of tripartite quantum states.
The learning of fundamental quantum properties—namely coherence, discord, and entanglement—benchmarks the security, computational, and metrological capability of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) communication, computing, and sensing networks. The current learning techniques vary widely for these fundamental quantum properties, including standard tomographic procedures that involve exhaustive optimization. Fortunately, the fundamentally distinct quantum properties feature an intricate connection. In this paper, we put forth the concept of universal quantum witness machines (UQWMs) to develop a unified framework for quantum property learning (QPL) of a quantum system. We first formulate the certification and quantification of quantum properties based on quantum witnesses. The witness-based certification method is experimentally accessible and resource-efficient but lacks reliability and generality. To universalize the scope and circumvent the unreliability, we transform the certification task into a classification task by employing UQWMs with classical machine learning to construct quantum property classifiers. This formalism offers a unifying perspective on the certification, quantification, and classification of these enigmatically linked fundamental quantum properties. To demonstrate our UQWM approach, we provide a comparative numerical analysis of quantum property quantification with quantum witnesses and classification performance analysis of quantum property classification with convolutional neural networks, specifically for4×44 \times 44×4quantum systems.
The paper suggest employing machine learning for resource-efficient classification of quantum correlations in entanglement distribution networks. Specifically, artificial neural networks (ANN) are utilized to classify quantum correlations based on collective measurements conducted in the geometry of entanglement swapping. ANNs are trained to categorize two-qubit quantum states into five mutually exclusive classes depending on the strength of quantum correlations exhibited by the states. The precision and recall of the ANN models are analyzed as functions of the quantum resources consumed, i.e. the number of collective measurements performed.
Quantum entanglement is one of the essential resources involved in quantum information processing tasks. However, its detection for usage remains a challenge. The Bell-type inequality for relative entropy of coherence serves as an entanglement witness for pure entangled states. However, it does not perform reliably for mixed entangled states. This paper constructs a classifier by employing the relationship between coherence and entanglement for supervised machine learning methods. This method encodes multiple Bell-type inequalities for the relative entropy of coherence into an artificial neural network to detect the entangled and separable states in a quantum dataset.
Detection of entangled states is essential in both fundamental and applied quantum physics. However, this task proves to be challenging especially for general quantum states. One can execute full state tomography but this method is time demanding especially in complex systems. Other approaches use entanglement witnesses, these methods tend to be less demanding but lack reliability. Here, we demonstrate that ANN -- artificial neural networks provide a balance between both approaches. In this paper, we make a comparison of ANN performance against witness-based methods for random general 2-qubit quantum states without any prior information on the states. Furthermore, we apply our approach to real experimental data set.
Quantum information technologies provide promising applications in communication and computation, while machine learning has become a powerful technique for extracting meaningful structures in "big data." A crossover between quantum information and machine learning represents a new interdisciplinary area stimulating progress in both fields. Traditionally, a quantum state is characterized by quantum-state tomography, which is a resource-consuming process when scaled up. Here we experimentally demonstrate a machine-learning approach to construct a quantum-state classifier for identifying the separability of quantum states. We show that it is possible to experimentally train an artificial neural network to efficiently learn and classify quantum states, without the need of obtaining the full information of the states. We also show how adding a hidden layer of neurons to the neural network can significantly boost the performance of the state classifier. These results shed new light on how classification of quantum states can be achieved with limited resources, and represent a step towards machine-learning-based applications in quantum information processing.