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International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO)

Benchmarking of 8-qudit quantum processor based on optical transition in 171Yb+ ions

Ilia V. Zalivako, A. Borisenko, Ilya A. Semerikov, Korolkov Andrey Evgenyevich, Pavel Sidorov, Kristina P. Galstyan, Nikita V. Semenin, V. Smirnov, Mikhail A. Aksenov, A. Nikolayeva, Evgeniy O. Kiktenko, Aleksey K. Fedorov, Ksenia Yu. Khabarova, N. Kolachevsky

Published Jul 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a quantum processor based on a 3D linear Paul trap for 171Y b+ions. The trap design provides high secular frequencies and low heating rate in the radial plane, which together with individual addressing and readout optical systems, allows realization of operations on up to 8 ions in a string. In each of 8 ions, we use four quantum states coupled by the E2 optical transition for qudit encoding, which makes our processor equivalent to a 16 qubit system. We present the results of benchmarking single- and two-qubit operations and realizing basic quantum algorithms, including Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm, Grover search as well as H2and LiH molecular simulations.

DOI
10.1109/iclo59702.2024.10624522

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Nature Communications•Mar 4, 2022•272 citations
We demonstrate a quantum processor based on a 3D linear Paul trap for 171Y b+ions. The trap design provides high secular frequencies and low heating rate in the radial plane, which together with individual addressing and readout optical systems, allows realization of operations on up to 8 ions in a string. In each of 8 ions, we use four quantum states coupled by the E2 optical transition for qudit encoding, which makes our processor equivalent to a 16 qubit system. We present the results of benchmarking single- and two-qubit operations and realizing basic quantum algorithms, including Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm, Grover search as well as H2and LiH molecular simulations.
We demonstrate a quantum processor based on a 3D linear Paul trap that uses Yb+171 ions with eight individually controllable four-level qudits (ququarts), which is computationally equivalent to a sixteen-qubit quantum processor. The design of the developed ion trap provides high secular frequencies and a low heating rate, which, together with individual addressing and readout optical systems, allows executing quantum algorithms. In each of the eight ions, we use four electronic levels coupled by E2 optical transition at 435 nm for qudit encoding. We present the results of single- and two-qubit operations benchmarking and realizing basic quantum algorithms, including the Bernstein–Vazirani and Grover’s search algorithms as well as H2 and LiH molecular simulations. Our results pave the way to scalable qudit-based quantum processors using trapped ions.
The use of multilevel information carriers, also known as qudits, is a promising path for exploring scalability of quantum computing devices. Here we present a proof-of-principle realization of a quantum processor register that uses optically addressed 171Yb+^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}171Yb+ ion qudits in a linear trap. The rich level structure of 171Yb+^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}171Yb+ ions allows using the Zeeman sublevels of the quadrupole clock transition at 435.5 nm for efficient and robust qudit encoding. We demonstrate the realization of the universal set of gates consisting of single-qudit rotations and a two-qudit M\o{}lmer-S\o{}rensen operation with a two-ququart system, which is formally equivalent to a universal gate-based four-qubit processor. Our results paves a way toward further studies of more efficient implementations of quantum algorithms with trapped-ion-based processors and, specifically, exploring properties of 171Yb+^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}171Yb+ ion qudits.
Scaling quantum computers remains a substantial scientific and technological challenge. Leveraging the full range of intrinsic degrees of freedom in quantum systems offers a promising route towards enhanced algorithmic performance and hardware efficiency. We experimentally study the use of 137Ba+ ions for quantum information processing, achieving high-fidelity state preparation and readout of up to 25 internal levels, thus forming a 25-dimensional trapped-ion qudit. By probing superpositions of up to 24 states, we investigate how errors scale with qudit dimension d and identify the primary error sources affecting quantum coherence. Additionally, we demonstrate high-dimensional qudit operations by implementing a 3-qubit Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm and a 4-qubit Toffoli gate with a single trapped-ion. Our findings suggest that quantum computing architectures based on large-dimensional qudits hold significant promise. A single trapped barium ion is operated as a 25-level quantum system or ‘qudit’. The authors examine how errors scale with dimensionality and demonstrate multi-level quantum logic, suggesting a promising route to efficient quantum computing.
Abstract One of the most effective ways to advance the performance of quantum computers and quantum sensors is to increase the number of qubits or quantum resources in the system. A major technical challenge that must be solved to realize this goal for trapped-ion systems is scaling the delivery of optical signals to many individual ions. In this paper we demonstrate an approach employing waveguides and multi-mode interferometer splitters to optically address multiple 171Yb+ ions in a surface trap by delivering all wavelengths required for full qubit control. Measurements of hyperfine spectra and Rabi flopping were performed on the E2 clock transition, using integrated waveguides for delivering the light needed for Doppler cooling, state preparation, coherent operations, and detection. We describe the use of splitters to address multiple ions using a single optical input per wavelength and use them to demonstrate simultaneous Rabi flopping on two different transitions occurring at distinct trap sites. This work represents an important step towards the realization of scalable integrated photonics for atomic clocks and trapped-ion quantum information systems.
The experiment including the trapping of a single 171Yb+^{{171}}{\text{Y}}{{{\text{b}}}^{ + }}171Yb+ ion into a planar Paul trap, spectroscopy of the quadrupole |2S1/2,F=0⟩↔|2D3/2,F=2⟩{{{\text{|}}}^{2}}{{S}_{{1/2}}},F = 0\rangle \leftrightarrow {{{\text{|}}}^{2}}{{D}_{{3/2}}},F = 2\rangle |2S1/2​,F=0⟩↔|2D3/2​,F=2⟩ transition, observation of Rabi oscillations at this transition, and measurement of secular frequencies has been reported. The ion heating rates have been determined to be nˉ\bar {n}nˉ = (840 ± 100) s –1 . This result is an important step towards a scalable ion quantum computer.
Controlling and programming quantum devices to process quantum information by the unit of quantum dit, i.e., qudit, provides the possibilities for noise-resilient quantum communications, delicate quantum molecular simulations, and efficient quantum computations, showing great potential to enhance the capabilities of qubit-based quantum technologies. Here, we report a programmable qudit-based quantum processor in silicon-photonic integrated circuits and demonstrate its enhancement of quantum computational parallelism. The processor monolithically integrates all the key functionalities and capabilities of initialisation, manipulation, and measurement of the two quantum quart (ququart) states and multi-value quantum-controlled logic gates with high-level fidelities. By reprogramming the configuration of the processor, we implemented the most basic quantum Fourier transform algorithms, all in quaternary, to benchmark the enhancement of quantum parallelism using qudits, which include generalised Deutsch-Jozsa and Bernstein-Vazirani algorithms, quaternary phase estimation and fast factorization algorithms. The monolithic integration and high programmability have allowed the implementations of more than one million high-fidelity preparations, operations and projections of qudit states in the processor. Our work shows an integrated photonic quantum technology for qudit-based quantum computing with enhanced capacity, accuracy, and efficiency, which could lead to the acceleration of building a large-scale quantum computer.