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IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

Repurposing Physical Layer Secret Keys: A Novel Paradigm for Common Randomness Generation

Prashanth K. H. Sheshagiri, Juan Alberto Cabrera, Frank H. P. Fitzek

Published Jul 7, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Identification is a new paradigm introduced for goal-oriented communication that verifies the semantics of the intended message rather than just transmitting the message bits, which is traditionally done in classical communication systems. One of the key techniques to improve randomized identification capacity is by introducing Common Randomness (CR). Physical Layer Secret Key (PLSK) is one such CR generation technique, where terminals generate secret keys based on changes in channel reciprocity between the wireless terminals and are mainly used for PHY layer encryption. However, the traditional way of evaluating PLSK techniques through bit discrepancies, bit generation rate, and entropy is not sufficient for evaluating their usefulness for identification. This paper proposes three key novel information theory paradigms that can be used alongside other mentioned parameters to evaluate key PLSK techniques for their usefulness in identification, i.e., CR rate, CR capacity, and cost function, followed by a supporting implementation using Software Defined Radio (SDR)s.

DOI
10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619278

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Identification is a new paradigm introduced for goal-oriented communication that verifies the semantics of the intended message rather than just transmitting the message bits, which is traditionally done in classical communication systems. One of the key techniques to improve randomized identification capacity is by introducing Common Randomness (CR). Physical Layer Secret Key (PLSK) is one such CR generation technique, where terminals generate secret keys based on changes in channel reciprocity between the wireless terminals and are mainly used for PHY layer encryption. However, the traditional way of evaluating PLSK techniques through bit discrepancies, bit generation rate, and entropy is not sufficient for evaluating their usefulness for identification. This paper proposes three key novel information theory paradigms that can be used alongside other mentioned parameters to evaluate key PLSK techniques for their usefulness in identification, i.e., CR rate, CR capacity, and cost function, followed by a supporting implementation using Software Defined Radio (SDR)s.
Common randomness (CR) is an important resource for future communication paradigms. Identification is one such future communication paradigm, and it has been proven that CR-assisted identification can improve identification capacity by a double exponential factor. To achieve this, the common source of observation must be perfectly correlated and contain sufficient entropy. Channel reciprocity-based CR generation (alternatively termed Physical Layer Secret Key (PLSK) generation) is one such CR generation scheme. Existing high-rate CR generation is based on the Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO); for practical implementation, CFO-based CR generation would require a re-design of the existing protocol stacks to pass the CFO from the physical layer to the higher protocol layers. In contrast, we develop high-rate CR generation based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), which is highly practical as the RSSI is passed to and widely used by the higher protocol layers in existing communication protocol stacks. For RSSI-based CR generation, we demonstrate that the memory resources dedicated to storing channel information play an important role in achieving a high CR generation rate. Specifically, we demonstrate, through an experimental testbed with Ettus N210 USRPs Software Defined Radios (SDRs) (from which we make datasets publicly available), how allocating higher memory resources for storing accurate RSSI channel information at the terminals (transceivers) increases the achievable CR generation rate.
Common Randomness (CR) can be considered as a resource for future communication devices and systems that not only improve the transmission capacity of identification systems but also provide robust information theoretical security. To achieve this, CR must be generated such that the reconciliation cost must be lower than the size of the key that is being generated. This can be achieved by using filters. In this live demonstration, we prepare a CR generation mechanism using Software Defined Radio (SDR) and achieve this tradeoff using multi-bit quantization and Savitzky Golay filter.
The use of wireless networks for communication has grown significantly in recent times, and continues to develop further. The broadcast nature of wireless communications makes them susceptible to a wide variety of security attacks. Unlike traditional solutions, which usually handle security at the application layer, the primary concern of this dissertation is to analyse and develop solutions for secure communication using channel coding techniques at the physical-layer. \nThe topic of physical layer authenticated encryption using high rate key generation through shared randomness is investigated in this work. First, a physical layer secret key generation scheme is discussed exploiting channel reciprocity in wireless systems. In order to address the susceptibility of this family of schemes to active attacks, a novel physical layer authentication encryption protocol is presented along with its extension to multi-node networks in the presence of active adversaries. Unlike previous work in the area of generating secret keys through shared randomness, it is demonstrated that the proposed scheme is semantically secure with respect to chosen plaintext and chosen cipher text attacks. \nSecondly, in order to increase the rate in bits per seconds at which agreed cryptographic keys are been generated, a multi-level quantization algorithm with public feedback is discussed. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme is superior to direct information distillation approaches and can substantially increase the key generation rates even at low and medium SNRs. Furthermore, the employment of this low-overhead feedback at the information distillation process can largely simplify the information reconciliation process. \nThe proposed secret key generation schemes are tested for randomness such as required for cryptographic keys. The validation test is perfomed with the aid of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical test suite. The P-values obtained in each of the test carried out indicates that the key sequence generated by our algorithm is random.
With rapid advances made in quantum computing, information theoretic security is of paramount importance for Internet of Things (IoT), particularly for low-powered devices like sensors and actuators, where there is generally little to no room for complex security features. Common Randomness (CR) can be considered as a resource, that can be used for adding information theoretic security to the IoT systems. The most desired CR is a lengthy CR with uniform distribution. In this study, we design and implement channel reciprocity based CR using a Software Defined Radio (SDR). Furthermore, we also implement Quantum Entanglement (QE) assisted CR generation scheme and compare it against the classical channel reciprocity based scheme. The evaluation of both CR generation schemes has been carried out on the basis of National Institute for Statistical Tests (NIST) and bit discrepancy results. We show that QE assisted CR generation is more efficient compared to channel reciprocity based CR, in terms of generating uniformly distributed CR, if the latter is observing slow fading channel.
Due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels, wireless communication is vulnerable to eavesdropping, message modification, and node impersonation. Securing the wireless communication requires the shared secret keys between the communicating entities. Traditional security schemes rely on public key infrastructures and cryptographic algorithms to manage secret keys. Recently, many physical-layer-based methods have been proposed as alternative solutions for key generation in wireless networks. These methods exploit the inherent randomness of the wireless fading channel to generate secret keys while providing information-theoretical security without intensive cryptographic computations. This article provides an overview of the existing PHY-based key generation schemes exploiting the randomness of the wireless channels. Specifically, we first introduce the fundamental and general framework of the PHY-based key generation schemes and then categorize them into two classes: received-signal-strength-based and channel- phase-based protocols. Finally, we present a performance comparison of them in terms of key disagreement probability, key generation rate, key bit randomness, scalability, and implementation issues.
Physical layer secret key generation exploits the reciprocal channel randomness for key generation and has proven to be an effective addition security layer in wireless communications. However, static or scarcely random channels require artificially induced dynamics to improve the secrecy performance, e.g., using intelligent reflecting surface (IRS). One key challenge is that the induced random phase from IRS is also reflected in the direction to eavesdroppers (Eve). This leakage enables Eve nodes to estimate the legitimate channels and secret key via a globally known pilot sequence. To mitigate the secret key leakage issue, we propose to exploit random matrix theory to inform the design of a new physical layer secret key generation (PL-SKG) algorithm. We prove that, when sending appropriate random Gaussian matrices, the singular values of Alice's and Bob's received signals follow a similar probability distribution. Leveraging these common singular values, we propose a random Gaussian matrix based PL-SKG (RGM PL-SKG), which avoids the usages of the globally known pilot and thereby prevents the aforementioned leakage issue. Our results show the following: (i) high noise resistance which leads to superior secret key rate (SKR) improvement (up to 300%) in low SNR regime, and (ii) general improved SKR performance against multiple colluded Eves. We believe our combination of random matrix theory and PL-SKG shows a new paradigm to secure the wireless communication channels.