Impact analysis of core layout and crosstalk on the coexistence of quantum key distribution and classical communications in heterogeneous multicore fiber

Abstract

Heterogeneous multicore fibers (Hetero-MCFs) offer relatively lower inter-core crosstalk (XT) and improved bend resistance, making them feasible for the coexistence of quantum key distribution (QKD) and classical communications. However, detailed analyses of their impact on QKD performance remain limited. This study comprehensively investigates the significant effects of core layouts and XT on QKD performance in Hetero-MCFs under varying QKD service demands in theory. When allocating classical and quantum cores based on the maximum XT levels, hexagonal Hetero-MCFs perform the worst under low QKD service demand (LD), but comparably and superior to circular layouts under high QKD service demand (HD). The challenge of determining optimal parameters for the central core in hexagonal Hetero-MCFs critically influences overall QKD performance in both HD and LD scenarios. To address this, we propose a novel trench-assisted Hetero-MCF structure featuring an interleaved hexagonal core layout. This structure achieves at least 29-fold improvement in transmission distance for LD and 32-fold for HD scenarios compared to the benchmark, by utilizing two types of heterogeneous cores and providing greater flexibility. Our results also show that deploying homogeneous cores as quantum channels in Hetero-MCFs enhances QKD performance. Even with strict fabrication tolerances, the proposed structure maintains stable QKD performance with a maximum fluctuation of only 12%. These innovations provide valuable insights for analyzing the performance of Hetero-MCFs under varying QKD demands and further developing their co-fiber transmission applications.