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Прикладная физика и математика.

PHOTON SPIN AND ITS ENERGY

V. D. Pavlov

Published Dec 22, 2021• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

При переходе водородоподобного атома из одного стационарного состояния в другое орбитальный момент импульса меняется. Разницу приписывают фотону и называют спином фотона. Доказана теорема: Спин фотона равен нулю. Дефект момента импульса атома при излучении без труда можно приписать ядру атома и даже электрону. В последнем случае переориентация спина электрона как раз равняется When a hydrogen-like atom passes from one stationary state to another, the orbital angular momentum changes. The difference is attributed to a photon and is called the photon’s spin. The theorem is proved: The spin of a photon is equal to zero. The defect in the angular momentum of an atom during radiation can be easily attributed to the nucleus of an atom and even to an electron. In the latter case, the reorientation of the electron spin is just equal to

DOI
10.25791/pfim.06.2021.1215

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При переходе водородоподобного атома из одного стационарного состояния в другое орбитальный момент импульса меняется. Разницу приписывают фотону и называют спином фотона. Доказана теорема: Спин фотона равен нулю. Дефект момента импульса атома при излучении без труда можно приписать ядру атома и даже электрону. В последнем случае переориентация спина электрона как раз равняется When a hydrogen-like atom passes from one stationary state to another, the orbital angular momentum changes. The difference is attributed to a photon and is called the photon’s spin. The theorem is proved: The spin of a photon is equal to zero. The defect in the angular momentum of an atom during radiation can be easily attributed to the nucleus of an atom and even to an electron. In the latter case, the reorientation of the electron spin is just equal to
Генерация фотона возбужденным атомом происходит в конечном по времени процессе перестройки внутренних полей напряжений вокруг электрона, меняющего орбиту. Излучение света имеет близкие аналогии с генерацией вихревых структур в сплошной среде и адекватно отражается в рамках традиционной, не квантовой механики. Рассмотрены силовые параметры перехода электрона между термами атома в режиме автоколебаний с излучением фотона. Проведен анализ трансформации исходного момента вращения электрона в спин излучаемого фотона с формированием нового момента вращения за счет работы поля ядра. Из частотных и энергетических зависимостей получены оценки геометрических размеров оптического фотона. The generation of a photon by an excited atom occurs in a fi nite time-dependent process of rearrangement of internal stress fi elds around an electron that changes its orbit. Radiation of light has close analogies with the generation of vortex structures in a continuous medium and is adequately refl ected in the framework of traditional, non-quantum mechanics. Power, energy characteristics of the electron transition between the terms of the atom in the regime of self-oscillations with the emission of a photon are considered. An analysis is made of the transformation of the initial angular momentum of the electron into the spin of the emitted photon with the formation of a new angular momentum due to the work of the nuclear fi eld. From the frequency and energy dependences, estimates of the geometric dimensions of the optical photon are obtained.
In quantum mechanics, there is a profound distinction between orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum in which the former can be associated with the motion of a physical object in space but the latter cannot. The difference leads to a radical deviation in the formulation of their corresponding dynamics in which an orbital angular momentum can be described by using a coordinate system but a spin angular momentum cannot. In this work, we show that it is possible to treat spin angular momentum in the same manner as orbital angular momentum by formulating spin dynamics using Schrödinger equation in an intrinsic coordinate system. As an illustration, we apply the formulation to the dynamics of a hydrogen atom and show that the intrinsic spin angular momentum of the electron can take half-integral values and, in particular, the intrinsic mass of the electron can take negative values. We also consider a further extension by generalising the formulation so that it can be used to describe other intrinsic dynamics that may associate with a quantum particle, for example, when a hydrogen atom radiates a photon, the photon associated with the electron may also possess an intrinsic dynamics that can be described by an intrinsic wave equation that has a similar form to that for the electron.
In quantum mechanics, there is a profound distinction between orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum in which the former can be associated with the motion of a physical object in space but the later cannot. The difference leads to a radical deviation in the formulation of their corresponding dynamics in which an orbital angular momentum can be described by using a coordinate system but a spin angular momentum cannot. In this work we show that it is possible to treat spin angular momentum in the same manner as orbital angular momentum by formulating spin dynamics using Schrodinger equation in an intrinsic coordinate system. As an illustration, we apply the formulation to the dynamics of a hydrogen atom and show that the intrinsic spin angular momentum of the electron can take half-integral values and, in particular, the intrinsic mass of the electron can take negative values. We also consider a further extension by generalising the formulation so that it can be used to describe other intrinsic dynamics that may associate with a quantum particle, for example, when a hydrogen atom radiates a photon, the photon associated with the electron may also possess an intrinsic dynamics that can be described by an intrinsic wave equation that has a similar form to that for the electron.
Spin is well known to be an intrinsically relativistic property of particles. Nonetheless its effects are seen in many physical situations which are not obviously relativistic, perhaps the most obvious examples being magnets and the quantum mechanically permitted electronic configurations of the elements in the periodic table. The view of spin adopted in these and other problems is that the electron has a quantized spin ( s = 1/2) and that is a fundamental tenet of the theory, rather than something that has to be explained. In this chapter we are going to discuss the behaviour of spin-1/2 particles (electrons, protons and neutrons for example) without much direct reference to relativistic quantum theory and the origins of spin. This chapter should be instructive in its own right and as a guide to understanding spin when we come to discuss it in a fully relativistic context at various stages throughout this book. Unless otherwise specified, we will refer to electrons, but it should be borne in mind that the theory is equally applicable to any spin-1/2 particle. Students of quantum theory cannot delve very deeply into the subject without coming across the quantization of angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum usually surfaces in the theory leading up to the quantum description of the hydrogen atom.
We know that even a single electron in a hydrogen atom generally has orbital angular momentum L (with (2 l + 1) possible orientations where l is a integer) and spin angular momentum S (with two possible orientations commonly described as spin up and spin down or s = ± 1/2). In more complicated atoms there may be many components of angular momentum; for example, the helium atom has two electrons both of which have orbital and spin angular momenta. Also, in many atomic systems of physical interest we need to know how to combine angular momenta. This chapter explains how to do it.
After researching carefully the well known M. Planck’s law of the black-body radiation, the quantum theory of field and the Einstein’s postulates about interaction of the photon with the atoms, there are a lot of unclear questions about photon and its interaction with atom. From all the above questions, there are three main following questions: Why does the energy of a light mode include zero-point energy? Where does the first photon come from in universe? and What is the first fact as a reason of absorption, emission in the photon-atom interaction? To find out the acceptable answers, here we propose postulates about the zero-photon and then about the new concepts of photon. Using them, we have tried to describe the basic characters of the photon and explain the photon-atom interaction in other way: the spin-spin interaction. Our results showed out the different picture of mechanism of the photon-atom interaction, the existence of the zero-photon energy, the absorption as well as the emission rule and its probabilities.