Secure multi-party computation (SMC) is an important privacy-preserving technology with broad applications in fields such as data mining and cloud computing. As a significant branch of SMC, private set computation (PSC) allows the computation of the intersection or union of private datasets from two or more participants while protecting their data privacy. Quantum private set computation (QPSC) is a new direction that combines PSC with quantum mechanics and has recently garnered widespread attention. Most existing QPSC protocols rely on quantum measurements performed by participants or third parties, but the measurement devices used in practice may be vulnerable to side-channel attacks. To address this issue, this paper proposes a measurement-device-independent QPSC protocol. In this protocol, participants can utilize post-selected Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state entanglement to compute the private intersection and union of their datasets securely. Analysis shows that this protocol is correct and can resist potential external and internal attacks. Finally, the protocol's feasibility is verified through simulation on the HIQ quantum computing cloud platform using the MindSpore Quantum framework.
Secure multi-party computation (SMC) is an important privacy-preserving technology with broad applications in fields such as data mining and cloud computing. As a significant branch of SMC, private set computation (PSC) allows the computation of the intersection or union of private datasets from two or more participants while protecting their data privacy. Quantum private set computation (QPSC) is a new direction that combines PSC with quantum mechanics and has recently garnered widespread attention. Most existing QPSC protocols rely on quantum measurements performed by participants or third parties, but the measurement devices used in practice may be vulnerable to side-channel attacks. To address this issue, this paper proposes a measurement-device-independent QPSC protocol. In this protocol, participants can utilize post-selected Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state entanglement to compute the private intersection and union of their datasets securely. Analysis shows that this protocol is correct and can resist potential external and internal attacks. Finally, the protocol's feasibility is verified through simulation on the HIQ quantum computing cloud platform using the MindSpore Quantum framework.
Secure multi-party computation (SMC) enables multiple parties to collaboratively perform computational tasks without revealing their private data. A specific application scenario within SMC is Private Set Intersection with Correlated Sum (PSI-CS), where two participating parties compute the sum of associated elements in their intersection while preserving the privacy of their individual sets. This problem arises in various contexts, including calculating conversion amounts between suppliers and platforms, such as advertising conversion amounts and agency business conversion amounts. The paper proposes a protocol that employs quantum single-photon technology to compute the PSI-CS, provides four technical solutions suitable for various scenarios ranging from small to large data volumes, sparse to dense datasets, and without revealing the cardinality of the intersection. Additionally, the method extends to computing the union set with correlated sums. We experimentally validate the proposed protocol, conduct correctness and security analyses, and demonstrate its practical significance and application value. By utilizing single-photon technology, quantum gate operations, and measurements become more accessible, simplifying the protocol’s implementation. Notably, our approach provides unconditional security against quantum computational attacks, representing a substantial improvement in both efficiency and practical applicability compared to classical domain protocols.
Abstract Private Set Intersection (PSI) is a crucial Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) primitive which enables participants to securely obtain the intersection of their private sets without revealing their individual set information. The advent of quantum computing threatens classical PSI protocols, driving the development of Quantum PSI (QPSI) alternatives. We propose a two-party QPSI protocol based on a semi-honest third party. This protocol achieves set intersection using only single-qubit unitary operations and single-qubit states. Security analysis shows that our protocol can resist common attacks. Validation experiments conducted on the IBM Qiskit simulator confirm the protocol's correctness and feasibility. Furthermore, we compare the proposed protocol with existing QPSI protocols in terms of quantum states, unitary operations, measurements, and fairness, demonstrating gains in quantum resource efficiency, fairness, and practical feasibility.
Abstract Quantum private set computation plays a crucial role in secure multi-party computation and privacy-preserving data mining. However, in quantum resource-constrained scenarios, most existing semi-quantum private set computation protocols rely on entangled states, making them difficult to scale effectively to multi-party settings. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a semi-quantum protocol for private set intersection and union cardinality computation. The proposed protocol uses single-particle states as information carriers and establishes the required keys by exploiting the correlations between prepared quantum states and selected measurement bases, thus avoiding the need for entangled states and pre-shared keys. By adopting a star topology, the protocol is further extended to general multiparty scenarios, with resource costs increasing linearly rather than exponentially. Security and performance analyses show that the proposed protocol can resist typical external and internal attacks. Compared with existing protocols, it reduces quantum resource requirements while achieving advantages in qubit efficiency and scalability.
As an important branch of secure multi-party computation, privacy set intersection enables multiple parties to input their private sets and jointly compute the intersection of these sets without revealing any information other than the intersection itself. With the increasing demand for privacy protection of user data, privacy set intersection has been widely used in privacy computing and other fields. In this paper, we utilize the properties of mutually unbiased bases to propose a multi-party quantum private set intersection protocol that incorporates identity authentication mechanisms. A semi-honest third party (TP) is introduced to facilitate the secure execution of this task among the multiple participating parties. The TP establishes a shared master key with each party, which serves as the basis for authenticating the identity of each participant throughout the protocol. Single-particle quantum states, prepared by the TP, act as the information carriers and are sequentially transmitted among the participating parties. Each party performs a local unitary operation on the circulating particle, thereby encoding their private data within the quantum state. At the end of the protocol, the TP announces his measurement result, by which all participants can concurrently ascertain the intersection of their private data sets. Notably, the proposed protocol eliminates the need for long-term storage of single-particle quantum states, thereby rendering it feasible with existing quantum technological capabilities. Furthermore, a comprehensive security analysis demonstrates that the protocol effectively resists some common external and internal attacks, thereby ensuring its theoretical security.
Abstract By introducing a semi-honest third party (TP), this paper proposes a novel quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol using ( n + 1)-qubit ( n ≥ 2) Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as information carriers. The parameter n not only determines the number of qubits contained in a GHZ state, but also determines the probability that TP can successfully steal the participants’ data and the qubit efficiency. In the proposed protocol, any other quantum technologies (e.g., entanglement swapping and unitary operation) except necessary technologies such as preparing quantum states and quantum measurements are employed, which can reduce the need for quantum devices. The proposed protocol uses the keys generated by quantum key distribution and bit-flipping for privacy protection, and decoy photons for eavesdropping checking, making both external and internal attacks invalid. Specifically, for external attacks, several well-known attack means (e.g., the intercept-resend attack and the measurement-resend attack) are taken as examples to show that the attackers outside the protocol can not steal the participants’ data successfully, in which the security proof of the protocol against the entanglement-measurement attack is provided. For internal attacks, it is shown that TP cannot steal the participants’ data and the participants cannot steal each other’s data. It is also shown that the existing attack means against QPC protocols are invalid for our protocol.
Abstract Secure multiparty computation (SMC) provides collaboration among multiple parties, ensuring the confidentiality of their private information. However, classical SMC implementations encounter significant security and efficiency challenges. Resorting to the entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state, we propose a quantum-based two-party protocol to compute binary Boolean functions, with the help of a third party. We exploit a technique in which a random Z-phase rotation on the GHZ state is performed to achieve higher security. The security and complexity analyses demonstrate the feasibility and improved security of our scheme compared to other SMC Boolean function computation methods. Additionally, we implemented the proposed protocol on the IBM QisKit and found consistent outcomes that validate the protocol’s correctness.