Abstract This study focuses on the challenges posed by quantum noise to communication protocols, with a particular emphasis on the vulnerabilities of current quantum broadcast protocols. The research employs the generalized GHZ state, known for its multipartite entangled cluster state with real-value coefficients, as a diagnostic tool to understand and address the impact of quantum noise on transmitted information. Implementing two novel controlled quantum broadcast schemes on the IBM Quantum (IBMQ) Experience platform, using the Qiskit library and the QASM simulator, the investigation evaluates the effects of four different types of quantum noise through Kraus operator models. A notable aspect of the study is the pioneering use of quantum state tomography for a comprehensive analysis of quantum noise effects, providing novel insights into the resilience of quantum communication protocols.
Abstract This study focuses on the challenges posed by quantum noise to communication protocols, with a particular emphasis on the vulnerabilities of current quantum broadcast protocols. The research employs the generalized GHZ state, known for its multipartite entangled cluster state with real-value coefficients, as a diagnostic tool to understand and address the impact of quantum noise on transmitted information. Implementing two novel controlled quantum broadcast schemes on the IBM Quantum (IBMQ) Experience platform, using the Qiskit library and the QASM simulator, the investigation evaluates the effects of four different types of quantum noise through Kraus operator models. A notable aspect of the study is the pioneering use of quantum state tomography for a comprehensive analysis of quantum noise effects, providing novel insights into the resilience of quantum communication protocols.
Abstract Quantum broadcast is a method for distributing known quantum information to multiple recipients at once. Although the no-cloning theorem prohibits copying unknown quantum states, it is still possible to transmit the same known state to different destinations. This research introduces two new approaches. The first approach allows a sender to broadcast a single qubit to n receivers using a specialized entangled state known as a 2 n -qubit cluster state. The paper illustrates this method with a detailed example for four receivers ( n = 4 ) and demonstrates its validity through implementation on the Qiskit platform. The second protocol, builds upon the first protocol and allows for broadcasting a particular class of n-qubit state to n receivers. The effects of different quantum noise types on the protocol are investigated, with the fidelity metric used to quantify the quality of broadcasted states over a noisy quantum channel. These new protocols offer more efficient ways to share quantum information, potentially paving the way for improved quantum communication networks and internet.
Abstract Multi-hop quantum teleportation is a fundamental technique for enabling scalable, long-distance quantum communication, making it a key building block for future quantum networks. In this paper, we present a generalized multi-hop quantum controlled teleportation (MQCT) protocol that enables more flexible transfer across complex network architectures. We perform a detailed analysis of the protocol’s performance under realistic noise conditions, focusing on the impact of various noise sources on both the teleportation process and the underlying quantum channels. To assess its practical performance, we implemented the protocol on an IBM quantum (IBMQ) computer. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the protocol in near-term quantum devices and provide valuable insights into its behavior under real-world quantum noise, paving the way for more reliable quantum communication systems.
Leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum computing become a rapidly evolving research field that solves certain types of problems exponentially faster than classical computers. In quantum computing quantum bits (qubits) can represent multiple states simultaneously using superposition and entanglement. Any disturbance or tampering of information on quantum bits will be easily detectable by the rules of quantum mechanics. This is an essential property and can be utilized in quantum communication. In free space communication, photon polarization and quantum key distribution (QKD) secure the information. However, noise, such as channel and circuit noise, also disturbs flawless communication. This research thoroughly studies a single photon-based protocol, BB84 in its ideal state and injected with noises. The objective of the paper is to induce parametrized noise to observe the effect in various cloud platforms with three different simulators, IBM QASM, CDAC QSim, and AWS Braket. Next, it presents a comprehensive study of the simulation of parametrized noise, bit flip, with the detailed setup and characteristics of these simulators.
The quantum computing, quantum cryptography and quantum communication protocols are pillars on the quantumentanglement with GreenbergerHorneZeilinger (GHZ) states. The fact of multi-qubit entangled states is difficult tointuitively interpret although it is important theoretically even in the noise and decoherence case. In this paper, it isproposed to present the quantum simulator that aims to create and simulate and visualize various qubit GHZ states inthree popular quantum noise models including the depolarizing, amplitude and phase damping. The system is codedin Flask and the Qiskit and Qiskit Aer on the circuit building and circulation and the Matplotlib on the heatmap of thedensity matrices, bar plots in three dimensions, and the Bloch sphere. One of them is that it can be parameterized withan amplitude coefficient 8 that can be used to research unequal entanglement amplitude parameter of interest inquantum secret sharing applications. It is based on containers and can be obtained using Docker, as well as can beviewed using any current browser and the localization of quantum frameworks is not necessary. The dynamics of thesimulation demonstrates that the system is a good model of the theoretical behavior of the noise: depolarizing noisetakes states to the maximum mixture, amplitude damping takes the populations to ground states and phase dampingselectively decays the coherences. It is applied by teachers and learners, and researchers who were interested inobtaining an interactive and graphical interface that allows offering an interface between the abstract quantumformalism and the real quantum dynamics of information.
Abstract Implementing quantum wireless multi-hop network communication is essential to improve the global quantum network system. In this paper, we employ eight-level GHZ states as quantum channels to realize multi-hop quantum communication, and utilize the logical relationship between the measurements of each node to derive the unitary operation performed by the end node. The hierarchical simultaneous entanglement switching (HSES) method is adopted, resulting in a significant reduction in the consumption of classical information compared to multi-hop quantum teleportation (QT) based on general simultaneous entanglement switching (SES). In addition, the proposed protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experiment platform (IBM QE). Then, the data obtained from the experiment are analyzed using quantum state tomography, which verifies the protocol’s good fidelity and accuracy. Finally, by calculating fidelity, we analyze the impact of four different types of noise (phase-damping, amplitude-damping, phase-flip and bit-flip) in this protocol.
Quantum computing poses significant threats to conventional cryptographic techniques such as RSA and AES, motivating the need for quantum secure communication methods. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers information theoretic security based on fundamental quantum principles. This paper presents a simulation-based analysis of well-known QKD protocols, namely BB84, B92, and E91, using the IBM Qiskit framework. Realistic quantum channel effects, including noise, decoherence, and eavesdropping, are modeled to evaluate protocol performance. Key metrics such as error rate, secret key generation, and security characteristics are analyzed and compared. The study highlights practical challenges in QKD implementation, including hardware limitations and channel losses, and discusses insights toward scalable and robust quantum communication systems. The results support the feasibility of QKD as a promising solution for secure communication in the quantum era.