Cryptography has been in existence since before the advent of computers. It encompasses a variety of techniques designed to secure information, whether it is at rest or in transit. Symmetric key cryptography includes symmetric keys, which serve the dual purpose of encrypting and decoding communications. Descriptions have been provided for public/private key pairs, also known as asymmetric keys. Such pairs may be categorized as secret/public key pairs, where the private key remains confidential, while the public key is accessible to all relevant parties for communication and information exchange. The realm of private and public key cryptography is diverse. Recently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) endorsed four post-quantum cryptography systems. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of cryptography, examining the implications of intricate cryptographic systems on our existing networks.
Cryptography has been in existence since before the advent of computers. It encompasses a variety of techniques designed to secure information, whether it is at rest or in transit. Symmetric key cryptography includes symmetric keys, which serve the dual purpose of encrypting and decoding communications. Descriptions have been provided for public/private key pairs, also known as asymmetric keys. Such pairs may be categorized as secret/public key pairs, where the private key remains confidential, while the public key is accessible to all relevant parties for communication and information exchange. The realm of private and public key cryptography is diverse. Recently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) endorsed four post-quantum cryptography systems. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of cryptography, examining the implications of intricate cryptographic systems on our existing networks.
Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.
With the increase in the computing resources power the quantum computers are penetrating into the communication networks. Therefore, assured security of classical cryptographic algorithms is highly questionable and needs inspection. Hence, this paper aims to explore the implications of quantum computing on contemporary cryptography and briefs key post-quantum algorithms. The reader will delve into various topics including current cryptographic schemes (both symmetric and asymmet-ric), the disparities between quantum and classical computing, key quantum algorithms such as Shor's and Grover's, the impact on public key encryption schemes, affected symmetric schemes, and the field of post-quantum cryptography. Specifically, the section on Post-Quantum Cryptography covers diverse quantum key distribution methods and mathematical based solutions, such as the BB84 protocol, lattice-based cryptography, multivariate-based cryptography, hash-based signatures, and code-based cryp-tography.
Cryptography is an art of hiding the significant data or information with some other codes. It is a practice and study of securing information and communication. Thus, cryptography prevents third party intervention over the data communication. The cryptography technology transforms the data into some other form to enhance security and robustness against the attacks. The thrust of enhancing the security among data transfer has been emerged ever since the need of Artificial Intelligence field came into a market. Therefore, modern way of computing cryptographic algorithm came into practice such as AES, 3DES, RSA, Diffie-Hellman and ECC. These public-key encryption techniques now in use are based on challenging discrete logarithms for elliptic curves and complex factorization. However, those two difficult problems can be effectively solved with the help of sufficient large-scale quantum computer. The Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) aims to deal with an attacker who has a large-scale quantum computer. Therefore, it is essential to build a robust and secure cryptography algorithm against most vulnerable pre-quantum cryptography methods. That is called ‘Post Quantum Cryptography’. Therefore, the present crypto system needs to propose encryption key and signature size is very large.in addition to careful prediction of encryption/decryption time and amount of traffic over the communication wire is required. The post-quantum cryptography (PQC) article discusses different families of post-quantum cryptosystems, analyses the current status of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) post-quantum cryptography standardisation process, and looks at the difficulties faced by the PQC community.
Abstract The imminent threat posed by quantum computers to modern public key cryptography has spurred the development of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms. Over the last two decades, the field of PQC research has thrived, yielding a diverse range of algorithms resilient against quantum attacks. These PQC algorithms are undergoing selection and standardization by prominent bodies ; such as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, the challenge remains substantial, given the monumental task of migrating numerous new devices to PQC algorithms. This complex, multi-decade transition from classical cryptography to PQC, necessitates careful survey of research articles to consider the current post quantum cryptographic schemes, and key protective strategies against quantum threats, implementation feasibility, compliance and challenges of implementations. This will provide insight and future directions for new researchers and organizations. .
The development of quantum computers poses a new security threat to network infrastructures and services, as they will be powerful enough to break the most common forms of digital encryption. Existing encryption services based on Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), Diffie-Hellman (DH), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and so on are vulnerable to attacks by quantum computers. Although the gap between today’s quantum computers and the threats they pose to current public-key cryptography is large, the telecommunications landscape should begin planning for the transition to the post-quantum era as early as possible. In this paper, we examine recent advances in Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms from the perspective of the networking and telecommunications industries. The efforts are categorized at three levels, namely communication, computation (consisting of design, implementation and Public Key System (PKS)), and network. Some of the existing challenges and future recommendations for securing communication networks in the post-quantum era are also listed at the end of the paper.
With the ever-growing concern for internet security, the field of quantum cryptography emerges as a promising solution for enhancing the security of networking systems. In this paper, 20 notable papers from leading conferences and journals are reviewed and categorized based on their focus on various aspects of quantum cryptography, including key distribution, quantum bit commitment, post-quantum cryptography, and counterfactual quantum key distribution. The paper explores the motivations and challenges of employing quantum cryptography, addressing security and privacy concerns along with existing solutions. Secure key distribution, a critical component in ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted information over a network, is emphasized in the discussion. The survey examines the potential of quantum cryptography to enable secure key exchange between parties, even when faced with eavesdropping, and other applications of quantum cryptography. Additionally, the paper analyzes the methodologies, findings, and limitations of each reviewed study, pinpointing trends such as the increasing focus on practical implementation of quantum cryptography protocols and the growing interest in post-quantum cryptography research. Furthermore, the survey identifies challenges and open research questions, including the need for more efficient quantum repeater networks, improved security proofs for continuous variable quantum key distribution, and the development of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, showing future directions for the field of quantum cryptography.