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Physical Review A

Experimental demonstration of a Maxwell's demon quantum battery in a superconducting noisy intermediate-scale quantum processor

Jiale Yu, Shiyu Wang, Kangqiao Liu, Chen Zha, Yulin Wu, Fusheng Chen, Yangsen Ye, Shaowei Li, Qingling Zhu, Shaojun Guo, Haoran Qian, He-Liang Huang, Youwei Zhao, Chong Ying, Daojin Fan, Dachao Wu, Hong Te Su, Hui Deng, Hao Rong, Kaili Zhang, Sirui Cao, Jin Lin, Yu Xu, Cheng Guo, Na Li, Futian Liang, Gang Wu, Yong-Heng Huo, Chao‐Yang Lu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Kae Nemoto, William J. Munro, Xiaobo Zhu, Jian-Wei Pan, Ming Gong

Published Jun 20, 2024• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Entering the era of post-quantum supremacy has given one the ability to precisely control noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors with multiqubits and extract valuable quantum many-body correlation resources for many distinct quantum applications. We here construct quantum many-body thermalized states on a 62-qubit superconducting quantum processor and use them to demonstrate the principle of Maxwell's demon. We further demonstrate the direct effect caused by Maxwell's demon on the charging process of a quantum battery (QB). We depicted the nonequilibrium transportation in our QB through measuring the dynamics of the Shannon entropy to explore its working conditions. Finally, we evaluate the information-to-work conversion by varying the readout fidelity to verify the validity of the Sagawa-Ueda equality within the NISQ processor environment and evaluate the qubit-environment interaction such as the measurement backaction. Our experiment suggests that the superconducting NISQ processor with appropriate error mitigation methods will be an ideal platform for studying quantum information thermodynamics through quantum many-body simulations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.109.062614

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Entering the era of post-quantum supremacy has given one the ability to precisely control noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors with multiqubits and extract valuable quantum many-body correlation resources for many distinct quantum applications. We here construct quantum many-body thermalized states on a 62-qubit superconducting quantum processor and use them to demonstrate the principle of Maxwell's demon. We further demonstrate the direct effect caused by Maxwell's demon on the charging process of a quantum battery (QB). We depicted the nonequilibrium transportation in our QB through measuring the dynamics of the Shannon entropy to explore its working conditions. Finally, we evaluate the information-to-work conversion by varying the readout fidelity to verify the validity of the Sagawa-Ueda equality within the NISQ processor environment and evaluate the qubit-environment interaction such as the measurement backaction. Our experiment suggests that the superconducting NISQ processor with appropriate error mitigation methods will be an ideal platform for studying quantum information thermodynamics through quantum many-body simulations.
Information thermodynamics bridges information theory and statistical physics by connecting information content and entropy production through measurement and feedback control. Maxwell's demon is a hypothetical character that uses information about a system to reduce its entropy. Here we realize a Maxwell's demon acting on a superconducting quantum circuit. We implement quantum non-demolition projective measurement and feedback operation of a qubit and verify the generalized integral fluctuation theorem. We also evaluate the conversion efficiency from information gain to work in the feedback protocol. Our experiment constitutes a step toward experimental studies of quantum information thermodynamics in artificially made quantum machines.
In apparent contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics, Maxwell's demon is able to cyclically extract work from a system in contact with a thermal bath, exploiting the information about its microstate. The resolution of this paradox required the insight that an intimate relationship exists between information and thermodynamics. Here, we realize a Maxwell demon experiment that tracks the state of each constituent in both the classical and quantum regimes. The demon is a microwave cavity that encodes quantum information about a superconducting qubit and converts information into work by powering up a propagating microwave pulse by stimulated emission. Thanks to the high level of control of superconducting circuits, we directly measure the extracted work and quantify the entropy remaining in the demon's memory. This experiment provides an enlightening illustration of the interplay of thermodynamics with quantum information.
Maxwell's demon explores the role of information in physical processes.Employing information about microscopic degrees of freedom, this "intelligent observer" is capable of compensating entropy production (or extracting work), apparently challenging the second law of thermodynamics.In a modern standpoint, it is regarded as a feedback control mechanism and the limits of thermodynamics are recast incorporating information-to-energy conversion.We derive a trade-off relation between information-theoretic quantities empowering the design of an efficient Maxwell's demon in a quantum system.The demon is experimentally implemented as a spin-1=2 quantum memory that acquires information, and employs it to control the dynamics of another spin-1=2 system, through a natural interaction.Noise and imperfections in this protocol are investigated by the assessment of its effectiveness.This realization provides experimental evidence that the irreversibility in a nonequilibrium dynamics can be mitigated by assessing microscopic information and applying a feed-forward strategy at the quantum scale.
Maxwell's demon explores the role of information in physical processes. Employing information about microscopic degrees of freedom, this "intelligent observer" is capable of compensating entropy production (or extracting work), apparently challenging the second law of thermodynamics. In a modern standpoint, it is regarded as a feedback control mechanism and the limits of thermodynamics are recast incorporating information-to-energy conversion. We derive a trade-off relation between information-theoretic quantities empowering the design of an efficient Maxwell's demon in a quantum system. The demon is experimentally implemented as a spin-1/2 quantum memory that acquires information, and employs it to control the dynamics of another spin-1/2 system, through a natural interaction. Noise and imperfections in this protocol are investigated by the assessment of its effectiveness. This realization provides experimental evidence that the irreversibility in a nonequilibrium dynamics can be mitigated by assessing microscopic information and applying a feed-forward strategy at the quantum scale.
The law of statistical physics dictates that generic closed quantum many-body systems initialized in nonequilibrium will thermalize under their own dynamics. However, the emergence of many-body localization (MBL) owing to the interplay between interaction and disorder, which is in stark contrast to Anderson localization, which only addresses noninteracting particles in the presence of disorder, greatly challenges this concept, because it prevents the systems from evolving to the ergodic thermalized state. One critical evidence of MBL is the long-time logarithmic growth of entanglement entropy, and a direct observation of it is still elusive due to the experimental challenges in multiqubit single-shot measurement and quantum state tomography. Here we present an experiment fully emulating the MBL dynamics with a 10-qubit superconducting quantum processor, which represents a spin-1/2 XY model featuring programmable disorder and long-range spin-spin interactions. We provide essential signatures of MBL, such as the imbalance due to the initial nonequilibrium, the violation of eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, and, more importantly, the direct evidence of the long-time logarithmic growth of entanglement entropy. Our results lay solid foundations for precisely simulating the intriguing physics of quantum many-body systems on the platform of large-scale multiqubit superconducting quantum processors.
The concept of Maxwell demon plays an essential role in connecting thermodynamics and information theory, while entanglement and nonlocality are fundamental features of quantum theory. Given the rapid advancements in the field of quantum information science, there is a growing interest and significance in investigating the connection between Maxwell demon and quantum correlation. The majority of research endeavors thus far have been directed toward the extraction of work from quantum correlation through the utilization of Maxwell demon. Recently, a novel concept called Maxwell demon-assisted Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering has been proposed, which suggests that it is possible to simulate quantum correlation by doing work. This seemingly counterintuitive conclusion is attributed to the fact that Alice and Bob need classical communication during EPR steering task, a requirement that does not apply in the Bell test. In this study, we demonstrate Maxwell demon-assisted EPR steering with superconducting quantum circuits. By compiling and optimizing a quantum circuit to be implemented on a 2D superconducting chip, we were able to achieve a steering parameter of S 2 = 0.770 ± 0.005 in the case of two measurement settings, which surpasses the classical bound of 1 / 2 by 12.6 standard deviations. In addition, experimental observations have revealed a linear correlation between the nonlocality demonstrated in EPR steering and the work done by the demon. Considering the errors in practical operation, the experimental results are highly consistent with theoretical predictions. Our findings not only suggest the presence of a Maxwell demon loophole in the EPR steering, but also contribute to a deeper comprehension of the interplay between quantum correlation, information theory, and thermodynamics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024