Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Modern Optics

Time dependent fluorescence spectrum of a three-level Λ system under electromagnetically induced transparency and coherent population trapping

Abhay Mishra, B. N. Jagatap

Published Oct 24, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate theoretically the time dependent fluorescence spectra (TDFS) of a three-level system in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coherent population trapping (CPT) configurations. Time dependent fluorescence intensities of Rayleigh and Stokes transitions are studied as a function of the ground state coherence relaxation rate and initial state preparation, and their correlation with the temporal evolution of dark and bright states is established. Linewidths of fluorescence and absorption are compared in different regimes of relaxation rates. The results are used to discuss the characteristic features of EIT and CPT in the domain of fluorescence spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1080/09500340.2024.2358496

Related papers

Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light in the dark state - bright state basis

T. Lauprêtre, Jérôme Ruggiero, Rupamanjari Ghosh +2 more

The quantum coherence phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is observed in a three-level system composed of an excited state and two coherent superpositions of the two ground-state levels. This peculiar ground state basis is composed of the so-called bright and dark states of the same atomic system in a standard coherent population trapping configuration. The characteristics of EIT, namely, width of the transmission window and reduced group velocity of light, in this unusual basis, are theoretically and experimentally investigated and are shown to be essentially identical to those of standard EIT in the same system.

arXiv:0908.3791•Optics Express•Oct 12, 2009•10 citations

Light-shift comparison of electromagnetically induced transparency and coherent population trapping in continuous-wave and Ramsey spectroscopies

Xiaoyan Liu, Xu Zhao, Zhen Xu +1 more

In the atomic frequency standard, the light shift inevitably affects the long-term stability of the atomic clock. In this work, we accurately calculated the light shifts of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coherent population trapping (CPT) clocks operating under continuum and pulse sequence regimes by numerically solving the Liouville density matrix equation, including all the relaxation terms of a three-level system. The results show that the light shifts under pulse excitation are smaller than those under continuous excitation and the light shifts of the CPT process are much smaller than those of the EIT process under both excitations. It is also found that the light shifts in the continuous excitation increase and those in the pulse excitation decrease with an increase in the Rabi frequency. The light shifts will increase with an increase of the relaxations of the ground states for both the processes under both regimes. Compared to all process atomic clocks, the light shift of pulse-excited atomic clocks is the smallest, which will be suitable for many applications.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Mar 2, 2021•2 citations

Temporal buildup of electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption resonances in degenerate two-level transitions

Paulo Valente, H. Failache, A. Lezama

The temporal evolution of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) coherence resonances in pump-probe spectroscopy of degenerate two-level atomic transition is studied for light intensities below saturation. Analytical expressions for the transient absorption spectra are given for simple model systems and a model for the calculation of the time-dependent response of realistic atomic transitions, where the Zeeman degeneracy is fully accounted for, is presented. EIT and EIA resonances have a similar (opposite sign) time-dependent line shape, however, the EIA evolution is slower and thus narrower lines are observed for long interaction time. Qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions is obtained for the transient probe absorption on the ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ ${D}_{2}$ line in an atomic beam experiment.

arXiv:quant-ph/0209011•Physical Review A•Jan 23, 2003•22 citations

Coherent Population Trapping in Multi-Level Atomic Systems

Laurentius Windholz

Coherent population trapping (CPT) is treated in multi–level systems, excited by two– or four–frequency laser light. The dynamics of filling non–absorbing (dark) states is investigated. In cases where all transitions involved are excited (closed systems), the effect becomes dependent on the relative phase of the light waves. Further electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is described in three– and four–level systems and used for effective side band generation.

Physica Scripta•Jan 1, 2001•13 citations

Light-shift induced by two unbalanced spontaneous decay rates in EIT (CPT) spectroscopies under Ramsey pulse excitation*

Xiaoyan Liu, Xu Zhao, J. Sun +2 more

Light shift is important and inevitably affects the long-term stability of an atomic clock. In this work, considering two unbalanced branches of the spontaneous decay rate in a three-level system, we studied the frequency shifts of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coherent population trapping (CPT) clocks operating under the pulse sequence regime by numerically solving the Liouville density matrix equations. The results show that the frequency shifts are larger when the two branches of spontaneous emission rate are not equal compared to the equal case. In addition, in EIT-Ramsey, the effect of the unbalanced branches of the spontaneous decay rate and relaxations of low-energy states on the frequency shift is greater than that of Rabi frequency. In CPT-Ramsey, the relaxations of low-energy states play a dominant role in frequency shift.

Chinese Physics B•May 26, 2021•4 citations

Coherent population trapping: its physics and historical roots

Anatolii M. Shalagin

There presented basic information on coherent population trapping (CPT) and related phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparence, ‘dark’ and ‘bright’ (anomalous absorption) states is presented. Spectrum transformation is considered in probe field spectroscopy for Λ-scheme in various settings. The close relation is revealed between the effect of CPT in the manifold of magnetic sublevels and the phenomenon of optical pumping (optical orientation and optical alignment). CPT is shown to be generalized to the case of several transitions with a common upper level and with the corresponding number of light fields each being in quasiresonance with its ‘own’ transition.

EPJ Web of Conferences•Dec 13, 2016•0 citations
We investigate theoretically the time dependent fluorescence spectra (TDFS) of a three-level system in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coherent population trapping (CPT) configurations. Time dependent fluorescence intensities of Rayleigh and Stokes transitions are studied as a function of the ground state coherence relaxation rate and initial state preparation, and their correlation with the temporal evolution of dark and bright states is established. Linewidths of fluorescence and absorption are compared in different regimes of relaxation rates. The results are used to discuss the characteristic features of EIT and CPT in the domain of fluorescence spectroscopy.
The quantum coherence phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is observed in a three-level system composed of an excited state and two coherent superpositions of the two ground-state levels. This peculiar ground state basis is composed of the so-called bright and dark states of the same atomic system in a standard coherent population trapping configuration. The characteristics of EIT, namely, width of the transmission window and reduced group velocity of light, in this unusual basis, are theoretically and experimentally investigated and are shown to be essentially identical to those of standard EIT in the same system.
In the atomic frequency standard, the light shift inevitably affects the long-term stability of the atomic clock. In this work, we accurately calculated the light shifts of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coherent population trapping (CPT) clocks operating under continuum and pulse sequence regimes by numerically solving the Liouville density matrix equation, including all the relaxation terms of a three-level system. The results show that the light shifts under pulse excitation are smaller than those under continuous excitation and the light shifts of the CPT process are much smaller than those of the EIT process under both excitations. It is also found that the light shifts in the continuous excitation increase and those in the pulse excitation decrease with an increase in the Rabi frequency. The light shifts will increase with an increase of the relaxations of the ground states for both the processes under both regimes. Compared to all process atomic clocks, the light shift of pulse-excited atomic clocks is the smallest, which will be suitable for many applications.
The temporal evolution of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) coherence resonances in pump-probe spectroscopy of degenerate two-level atomic transition is studied for light intensities below saturation. Analytical expressions for the transient absorption spectra are given for simple model systems and a model for the calculation of the time-dependent response of realistic atomic transitions, where the Zeeman degeneracy is fully accounted for, is presented. EIT and EIA resonances have a similar (opposite sign) time-dependent line shape, however, the EIA evolution is slower and thus narrower lines are observed for long interaction time. Qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions is obtained for the transient probe absorption on the 85Rb{}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb D2{D}_{2}D2​ line in an atomic beam experiment.
Light shift is important and inevitably affects the long-term stability of an atomic clock. In this work, considering two unbalanced branches of the spontaneous decay rate in a three-level system, we studied the frequency shifts of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coherent population trapping (CPT) clocks operating under the pulse sequence regime by numerically solving the Liouville density matrix equations. The results show that the frequency shifts are larger when the two branches of spontaneous emission rate are not equal compared to the equal case. In addition, in EIT-Ramsey, the effect of the unbalanced branches of the spontaneous decay rate and relaxations of low-energy states on the frequency shift is greater than that of Rabi frequency. In CPT-Ramsey, the relaxations of low-energy states play a dominant role in frequency shift.
There presented basic information on coherent population trapping (CPT) and related phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparence, ‘dark’ and ‘bright’ (anomalous absorption) states is presented. Spectrum transformation is considered in probe field spectroscopy for Λ-scheme in various settings. The close relation is revealed between the effect of CPT in the manifold of magnetic sublevels and the phenomenon of optical pumping (optical orientation and optical alignment). CPT is shown to be generalized to the case of several transitions with a common upper level and with the corresponding number of light fields each being in quasiresonance with its ‘own’ transition.