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Physical Review A

Dynamical formation of a prethermal Bose-Einstein condensate in a Floquet-engineered lattice

J. Maslek, Carlos Bracamontes, J. V. Porto

Published Jun 3, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors report the experimental realization of an effective Hamiltonian with a continuously adjustable staggered gauge field for weakly interacting bosons in an optical lattice using Floquet engineering. They observe recondensation of quench-excited atoms on time scales faster than global heating due to the drive.
DOI
10.1103/physreva.109.063302

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Periodic driving is a powerful tool for engineering tunable many-body quantum states. Such Floquet engineering relies on the existence of a localized prethermal regime, a state which remains incompletely understood. We report experiments on a many-body Floquet system consisting of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice subjected to sign-changing amplitude modulation. A double-quench protocol enables measurement of an inverse participation ratio quantifying the degree of prethermal localization as a function of continuously tunable drive parameters and interactions. Following the time evolution of the driven system, we observe the sequential formation of two localized prethermal plateaux, interaction-driven delocalization, and strongly frequency-dependent dynamics of departure from the prethermal state. The experimental control and quantitative characterization of Floquet prethermalization opens new possibilities for dynamical quantum engineering.
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We explore prethermal Floquet steady states and instabilities of the weakly interacting two-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model subject to periodic driving. We develop a description of the nonequilibrium dynamics, at arbitrary drive strength and frequency, using a weak-coupling conserving approximation. We establish the regimes in which conventional (zero-momentum) and unconventional [(π,π)-momentum] condensates are stable on intermediate time scales. We find that condensate stability is enhanced by increasing the drive strength, because this decreases the bandwidth of quasiparticle excitations and thus impedes resonant absorption and heating. Our results are directly relevant to a number of current experiments with ultracold bosons.
We experimentally study the dynamics of weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates of cesium atoms in a 1D optical lattice with a periodic driving force. After a sudden start of the driving, we observe the formation of stable wave packets at the center of the first Brillouin zone (BZ) in momentum space, and we interpret these as Floquet solitons in periodically driven systems. The wave packets become unstable when we add a trapping potential along the lattice direction, leading to a redistribution of atoms within the BZ. The concept of a negative effective mass and the resulting changes to the interaction strength and effective trapping potential are used to explain the stability and the time evolution of the wave packets. We expect that similar states of matter waves exist for discrete breathers and other types of lattice solitons in periodically driven systems.