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Nanophotonics

Strong coupling spontaneous emission interference near a graphene nanodisk

Ioannis Thanopulos, Vasilios D. Karanikolas, Emmanuel Paspalakis

Published May 31, 2024• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this work, we analyze the spontaneous emission dynamics of a V‐type quantum emitter near a graphene nanodisk based on the combination of electromagnetic and quantum dynamical calculations. The presence of the graphene nanodisk gives strong anisotropy to the Purcell factors of the quantum emitter, leading to interference effects in spontaneous emission appearing as coupling between the emitter’s upper levels. This effect is further enhanced by the strong light–matter interaction of the quantum emitter with the modified electromagnetic mode continuum, which induces non‐Markovian spontaneous emission dynamics. We have studied the population dynamics of the quantum emitter at a specific distance from the center of the graphene nanodisk for various free‐space decay widths and different quantum emitter’s initial conditions and have shown weak coupling results appearing with Markovian decay dynamics, obtained for quantum emitters with small free‐space decay widths, and population dynamics that exhibits distinctly non‐Markovian features, such as prominent decaying Rabi oscillations in the population evolution of the quantum emitter’s excited states and energy exchange between them during the overall population decay into the photonic mode continuum for largest free‐space decay widths. Also, for the largest value of the free‐space decay width, we obtain significant population trapping effects in the excited states of the quantum emitter. Furthermore, we find that the population dynamics for specific light–matter interaction strength conditions between the quantum emitter and the graphene nanodisk depend distinctively on the initial state of the quantum emitter, whether it is a single state or a superposition state.

DOI
10.1515/nanoph-2024-0176

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Abstract In this work, we analyze the spontaneous emission dynamics of a V‐type quantum emitter near a graphene nanodisk based on the combination of electromagnetic and quantum dynamical calculations. The presence of the graphene nanodisk gives strong anisotropy to the Purcell factors of the quantum emitter, leading to interference effects in spontaneous emission appearing as coupling between the emitter’s upper levels. This effect is further enhanced by the strong light–matter interaction of the quantum emitter with the modified electromagnetic mode continuum, which induces non‐Markovian spontaneous emission dynamics. We have studied the population dynamics of the quantum emitter at a specific distance from the center of the graphene nanodisk for various free‐space decay widths and different quantum emitter’s initial conditions and have shown weak coupling results appearing with Markovian decay dynamics, obtained for quantum emitters with small free‐space decay widths, and population dynamics that exhibits distinctly non‐Markovian features, such as prominent decaying Rabi oscillations in the population evolution of the quantum emitter’s excited states and energy exchange between them during the overall population decay into the photonic mode continuum for largest free‐space decay widths. Also, for the largest value of the free‐space decay width, we obtain significant population trapping effects in the excited states of the quantum emitter. Furthermore, we find that the population dynamics for specific light–matter interaction strength conditions between the quantum emitter and the graphene nanodisk depend distinctively on the initial state of the quantum emitter, whether it is a single state or a superposition state.
We study the spontaneous emission dynamics of a quantum emitter near a graphene nanodisk. We analyze the population dynamics of the excited state of the quantum emitter and also explore its dynamics as a non-Markovian open system. Specifically, we quantify the non-Markovian spontaneous emission dynamics using different non-Markovianity measures and calculate the quantum speed limit under non-Markovian evolution. We find strong light-matter coupling conditions for the quantum emitter near the graphene nanodisk, which are manifested in either distinct decaying Rabi oscillations or population trapping effects in the excited state population dynamics of the quantum emitter, depending on the parameters of the system. We also show that the values of the non-Markovianity measures and of the potential quantum speed up are large under strong light–matter coupling conditions.
We investigate the dynamical evolution of the spontaneous emission of a two-level quantum emitter near a graphene nanodisk. We employ the macroscopic quantum electrodynamics methodology to study the reversible population dynamics of the excited state of the quantum emitter in the non-Markovian limit. Our results indicate that the quantum-emitter--nanodisk interaction enters the strong light-matter coupling regime, as manifested in the excited-state probability where Rabi oscillations and population trapping effects are observed. The level of non-Markovianity is estimated by computing three different well-established measures and relate them to the quantum speedup due to the strong-coupling interaction of the emitter with the graphene nanodisk. Importantly, high values of the non-Markovianity and quantum speedup measures are achieved when the emitter-nanodisk interaction is strong, whereas decreasing coupling strength leads to smaller values.
We propose a nanophotonic structure that gives high-degree quantum interference (QI) in the spontaneous emission (SE) of a quantum emitter (QE) in conjunction with strong light-matter coupling and non-Markovian dynamics. Specifically, we study the SE dynamics of a three-level V-type QE close to a MoS2 nanodisk (ND). We combine quantum dynamics calculations with electromagnetic calculations and find reversible population dynamics in the QE, together with high-degree QI created by the ND. A rich population dynamics is obtained, depending on the energy of the QE with respect to the energies of the exciton-polariton resonances of the MoS2 ND, the distance of the QE from the ND, and the initial state of the QE. Our results have potential applications in emergent quantum technologies.
We investigate the entanglement dynamics of two qubits interacting with a graphene nanodisk using the macroscopic quantum electrodynamics method. By modifying the free-space decay rate of each qubit, we study the coupling strength between the nanoparticle and the qubits. We find that as the free-space decay rate increases, the decaying Rabi oscillations featured in the qubit population dynamics change to complex non-Markovian dynamical population evolution. This is also reflected on the concurrence, which at weak or moderate light–matter coupling conditions, attains values up to 0.5, while as the coupling conditions become stronger, larger values are also transiently observed. Our findings indicate that graphene nanostructures can provide a platform for the realization of high degree of entanglement in the strong coupling regime at the nanoscale, essential for quantum technology applications.
In this work, we theoretically analyze the population and entanglement dynamics for two identical qubits interacting with a graphene nanodisk. We consider qubits with various free-space decay rates in order to study how the coupling strength influences the dynamics of our composite system, as well as their entanglement evolution as quantified by concurrence. We find that for relatively large free-space decay rates, the population dynamics of each qubit features Rabi oscillations, while for smaller decay rates it exhibits a complex behavior, which nevertheless can be understood by semianalytical expressions using the sub- and superradiant states of the system. Additionally, we observe phenomena, such as population and entanglement trapping, induced by the strong interaction of the qubits with the graphene nanodisk, with trapping values depending solely on the initial conditions of the two qubits. Lastly, we compare our results with those obtained in the case of the two qubits interacting independently with a graphene nanodisk.
We investigate theoretically the non-Markovian dynamics of a degenerate V-type quantum emitter in the vicinity of a metallic nanosphere, a system that exhibits quantum interference in spontaneous emission due to the anisotropic Purcell effect. We calculate numerically the electromagnetic Green's tensor and employ the effective modes differential equation method for calculating the quantum dynamics of the emitter population, with respect to the resonance frequency and the initial state of the emitter, as well as its distance from the nanosphere. We find that the emitter population evolution varies between a gradual total decay and a partial decay combined with oscillatory population dynamics, depending strongly on the specific values of the above three parameters. Under strong-coupling conditions, coherent population trapping can be observed in this system. We compare our exact results with results when the flat continuum approximation for the vacuum modified by the metallic nanosphere is applied. We conclude that the flat continuum approximation is an excellent approximation only when the spectral density of the system under study is characterized by nonoverlapping plasmonic resonances.