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Scientific Reports

Influence of linearly polarized light on the transverse relaxation of ground-state 133Cs atoms

Zhichao Ding, Jie Yuan

Published May 30, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In order to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the optical absorption and the transverse relaxation, the influences of linearly polarized light respectively at 133Cs D1 and D2 lines on the transverse relaxation of ground-state 133Cs atoms are studied. Under different vapor temperatures, light intensities and light frequencies, transverse spin relaxation times are separately measured for 133Cs atoms in different hyperfine levels. For theoretically analyzing the measuring results, especially for an unusual trend that the transverse spin relaxation time rises with the increase of light intensity, photon absorption cross-sections of linearly polarized light by 133Cs atoms are simulated. The experimental results show that through influencing the optical absorption and spin-exchange collisions, the linearly polarized light plays a remarkable role in the transverse spin relaxation. The results obtained by this paper can provide a guide to find the optimal intensity and frequency of linearly polarized light in practical applications for decreasing the influences of linearly polarized light on the transverse relaxation.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-024-62853-y

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Abstract In order to obtain an understanding of the relationship between the optical absorption and the transverse relaxation, the influences of linearly polarized light respectively at 133Cs D1 and D2 lines on the transverse relaxation of ground-state 133Cs atoms are studied. Under different vapor temperatures, light intensities and light frequencies, transverse spin relaxation times are separately measured for 133Cs atoms in different hyperfine levels. For theoretically analyzing the measuring results, especially for an unusual trend that the transverse spin relaxation time rises with the increase of light intensity, photon absorption cross-sections of linearly polarized light by 133Cs atoms are simulated. The experimental results show that through influencing the optical absorption and spin-exchange collisions, the linearly polarized light plays a remarkable role in the transverse spin relaxation. The results obtained by this paper can provide a guide to find the optimal intensity and frequency of linearly polarized light in practical applications for decreasing the influences of linearly polarized light on the transverse relaxation.
The influence of optical pumping on the transverse spin relaxation of 133 Cs atoms in different ground-state hyperfine levels is investigated. Transverse relaxation times for 133 Cs atoms in the two ground-state hyperfine levels are detected separately under different intensities and frequencies of pump light, and a statistical model is adopted to analyze the experimental results. Theory and experiment show that optical pumping changes the populations of the two ground-state hyperfine levels, thereby influencing the transverse spin relaxation due to spin-exchange collisions. As a result, an unusual phenomenon that the transverse relaxation time for 133 Cs atoms in the upper ground-state hyperfine level increases with the pump-light intensity is observed.
The absorption of linearly polarized light by 133Cs atoms is desired to be well known in many applications of atomic physics. For implementing this requirement, a simplified analytical form for the absorption of linearly polarized light by 133Cs atoms with optically resolved hyperfine structure is derived. Based on the obtained analytical form, optical absorption cross-sections of 133Cs atoms are simulated. An experiment is designed to further study the absorption of linearly polarized light by 133Cs atoms. Theory and experiment show that the influence of linearly polarized light on the distribution of 133Cs atoms will in turn affect the optical absorption. In order to demonstrate this kind of influence, an example for the measurement of the 133Cs vapor density is shown theoretically and experimentally, and a method of polynomial fit is proposed to reduce this influence.
The relaxation of atomic polarization in buffer-gas-free, paraffin-coated cesium vapor cells is studied using a variation on Franzen's technique of ``relaxation in the dark'' [Franzen, Phys. Rev. 115 850 (1959)]. In the present experiment, narrow-band, circularly polarized pump light, resonant with the Cs D2 transition, orients atoms along a longitudinal magnetic field, and time-dependent optical rotation of linearly polarized probe light is measured to determine the relaxation rates of the atomic orientation of a particular hyperfine level. The change in relaxation rates during light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD) is studied. No significant change in the spin relaxation rate during LIAD is found beyond that expected from the faster rate of spin-exchange collisions due to the increase in Cs density.
A technique to selectively excite spin-polarized alkali atoms in one of the two ground-state hyperfine levels is demonstrated, which can separately create the transverse spin component of spin-polarized alkali atoms in either ground-state hyperfine level. The principle of this technique is analyzed, and the experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of this technique. This technique can be used to accurately measure spin relaxation and polarization of alkali atoms in either ground-state hyperfine level. An example of its applications to measure the transverse relaxation time is presented.
In an experiment with an optical pumping of 133Cs atoms in the 62 S 1/2 ground state, the line shape of the D 2f magnetic resonance signal for the transverse alignment component oscillating at a double frequency f of a radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field is found to strongly depend on the polarization of pumping radiation. On passage from a linearly polarized pumping light to a circularly polarized (CP) light with a sufficiently strong RF field the ordinary three-peak line with the highest central peak transforms into a two-peak line with a minimum at the center, so that the D 2f signal line resembles the M f signal line of a transverse orientation oscillating at the RF field frequency f. This suggests that the orientation (the first-rank polarization moment (PM)) arising upon CP pumping affects the alignment (the second-rank PM); i.e., the PMs of Cs atoms with different parities of their ranks become coupled. No influence of the polarization of a pumping radiation on the line shape of the D 2f signal is observed in a similar experiment with the 4He atoms in the 23 S 1 metastable state.
We present a theoretical and experimental study of the resonant circularly-polarized-light-induced Hanle effect in the ground state of Cs vapor atoms in a paraffin-coated cell. The effect manifests itself as a narrow resonance (centered at B=0B=0B=0) in the dependence of the optical transmission coefficient of the vapor on the magnitude of an external magnetic field $\stackrel{P\vec}{B}$. We develop a theoretical model that yields an algebraic expression for the shape of these resonances for arbitrary field orientations and arbitrary angular momenta of the states coupled by the exciting light, provided that the light power is kept sufficiently small. An experimental procedure for assessing the range of validity of the model is given. Experiments were carried out on the laser-driven Cs D1{D}_{1}D1​ transition both in longitudinal and transverse field geometries, and the observed line shapes of the corresponding bright and dark resonances give an excellent confirmation of the model predictions. The method is applied for determining the intrinsic longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the vector magnetization in the vapor and their dependence on light power.