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Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE)

Study on High-Precision Optical Signal Detection Based on the Weak Measurement Method

Yin Zhang, Guowei Li, Junbo Wang, Qi Tang

Published Apr 11, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Spectral analysis technology in optical signal detection can obtain the spectral characteristics of matter according to the wavelength or frequency information of the optical signal. Commonly used spectral analysis techniques include grating spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Raman spectrometer, etc. In order to improve the measurement of optical signal, due to the limitation of detector detection bandwidth and system noise and external interference, this paper proposes an optical signal estimation scheme based on weak measurement method. Moreover, compared with the original weak measurement scheme, the detection time of the new scheme proposed in this paper breaks through the limitation of Nyquist sampling theorem, has the performance advantage of resisting aliasing interference, and can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the system by extending the detection time. This paper presents a new weak measurement theory scheme for optical signals. Theoretical research studies show that the scheme can estimate the amplitude and phase of the optical signal and recover the time domain by setting the dynamic phase factor with time for the previous or post-selection process. Because the detection time of the scheme is not limited by the Nyquist sampling theorem, the new scheme has the performance advantage of anti-aliasing interference, which effectively solves the limitation of the detector detection bandwidth in the original scheme.

DOI
10.1109/acpee60788.2024.10532388

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Spectral analysis technology in optical signal detection can obtain the spectral characteristics of matter according to the wavelength or frequency information of the optical signal. Commonly used spectral analysis techniques include grating spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Raman spectrometer, etc. In order to improve the measurement of optical signal, due to the limitation of detector detection bandwidth and system noise and external interference, this paper proposes an optical signal estimation scheme based on weak measurement method. Moreover, compared with the original weak measurement scheme, the detection time of the new scheme proposed in this paper breaks through the limitation of Nyquist sampling theorem, has the performance advantage of resisting aliasing interference, and can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the system by extending the detection time. This paper presents a new weak measurement theory scheme for optical signals. Theoretical research studies show that the scheme can estimate the amplitude and phase of the optical signal and recover the time domain by setting the dynamic phase factor with time for the previous or post-selection process. Because the detection time of the scheme is not limited by the Nyquist sampling theorem, the new scheme has the performance advantage of anti-aliasing interference, which effectively solves the limitation of the detector detection bandwidth in the original scheme.
Abstract An emerging challenge of integrated communication and sensing is the extraction of weak sensing signals transmitted through an unknown non-stationary channel. In this work, we propose a weak signal extraction method with weak measurement. Taking advantage of time division multiplexing, we preliminarily estimate the channel via adjustable finite impulse response filter, further suppressing the interfering signal caused by background noises via spectrum shift. By subsequently using the time-varying phase estimation method via weak measurement, the real-time detection of weak signals in the non-stationary channel is achieved. We demonstrate via theoretical analysis and confirmatory experiment that our method is able to amplify the phase shift, to suppress technical noise and to improve detection resolution limit, while proving robust against light source fluctuations, initial phase differences and detector saturation. The method hence enables weak sensing signal extraction with a low signal-to-noise ratio non-stationary channel. Furthermore, we interface our measurement method to squeezed light sources, offering the possibility of surpassing standard quantum limit.
Phase estimation has attracted much attention in the field of sensing, where weak measurement has become an effective solution for the study of small physical quantities because of its anomalous amplification property. However, it is difficult for weak measurement to cope with large low-frequency noise signals in the environment due to its extremely narrow linear range, which makes the extension of weak measurement to practical applications a challenging task. In order to solve this issue, we propose and experimentally verify a phase demodulation scheme based on weak measurement, which solves the problem of working point offset caused by the noise through artificially introducing a high-frequency carrier and performing demodulation operations on the output light. The experimental results show that the scheme can improve the signal-to-noise ratio by 17 dB compared to standard weak measurement and ensures low distortion in phase demodulation. Moreover, the scheme is not limited to a specific modulation depth, which greatly improves the robustness of the scheme.
Weak measurement enables the amplification of weak physical effects via post-selection and has become an important tool in precision optical metrology; however, conventional schemes based on mean-pointer shifts suffer from response saturation, limited linear range, and stringent stability requirements. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a weak-measurement scheme based on spectral-interference trough shifts, where the zero-intensity points of the post-selected spectrum act as the measurement pointer, establishing an analytical mapping between the trough displacement and the target phase or time delay. Theoretical analysis shows that, under detector resolution limits, the measurement resolution depends solely on the frequency of extinction point and is independent of weak-value singular amplification or bias-phase modulation, thereby maintaining high sensitivity while avoiding pointer saturation. Experiments demonstrate that the trough-shift scheme achieves significantly better agreement between measured and theoretical sensitivities than biased weak measurement and provides a stable linear response without additional bias-compensation structures, reaching a minimum resolvable phase variation at the 10−7 level. Moreover, the approach intrinsically supports multi-period traceable measurements and exhibits strong robustness against intensity fluctuations and spectral distortions, offering a promising route toward high-sensitivity, large-dynamic-range, and stable weak measurement-based optical sensing.
We derive a general theory for the joint weak measurement with arbitrary postselection and employ it in the time-delay measurement. Especially, we study two special cases, i.e., the balanced and unbalanced postselection regimes, and present an experiment to verify the theoretical results. The experimental results show that under similar conditions, the signal-to-noise ratio of using joint weak measurement scheme remains higher than 12 dB when the measured time-delay is smaller the ultimate precision limit of the weak-value amplification scheme. Moreover, the joint weak measurement scheme is robust to the misalignment errors and the wavelength-dependency of optical components, which indicates its advantage of improving the measurement precision with convenient laboratory equipments.
Optical interference usually requires two interfering paths to be balanced within the coherence length. For the case of unbalanced paths, interference effects can be recovered in the frequency-domain analysis of the superposed resultant optical field because optical frequency filtering in the spectral analysis of the optical field lengthens the coherence length to overcome the path imbalance. However, since optical detection usually is intensity measurement that loses the phase information of the detected optical field, the output photocurrent of intensity measurement cannot recover the lost interference effect in the postprocessing of the data such as electronic spectral analysis. On the other hand, if amplitude measurement can be used to measure the resultant optical field from the path-unbalanced superposition of two fields, the output photocurrent carries complete information of two fields and can restore interference in postdetection processing, even though no interference shows up in direct intensity measurement. In this paper, we use homodyne detection method for amplitude measurement to analyze the output of a path-unbalanced interferometer in the spectral domain. Since complete information about the superposed optical field is contained in the photocurrent, spectral analysis shows interference fringes in frequency that reveal information about the path imbalance. It is found that shot noise is the limiting factor in the visibility of interference but can be reduced with a squeezed state input in the unused port of the unbalanced interferometer. This approach is a different paradigm from the traditional one for studying the coherence between optical fields and should find wide application in remote sensing and precision measurement.
High-precision surface roughness estimation plays an important role in many applications. However, the classical estimating methods are limited by shot noise and only can achieve the precision of 0.1 nm with white light interferometer. Here, we propose two weak measurement schemes to estimate surface roughness through spectrum analysis and intensity analysis. The estimating precision with spectrum analysis is about 10−510 ^{-5}10−5 nm by using a currently available spectrometer with the resolution of Δλ=0.04Δλ= 0.04Δλ=0.04 pm and the corresponding sensitivity is better than 0.1 THz/nm. And the precision and sensitivity of the light intensity analysis scheme achieve as high as 0.07 nm and 1/nm, respectively. By introducing a modulated phase, we show that the sensitivity and precision achieved in our schemes can be effectively retained in a wider dynamic range. We further provide the experimental design of the surface profiler based on our schemes. It simultaneously meets the requirements of high precision, high sensitivity, and wide measurement range, making it to be a promising practical tool.