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Chaos Solitons & Fractals

Vortex solitons in Rydberg-excited Bose-Einstein condensates with rotating PT-symmetric azimuthal potentials

Si-Liu Xu, Tong Wu, Heng-Jie Hu, Jun-Rong He, Yuan Zhao, Zhuo Fan

Published May 24, 2024• 12 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115043

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Excited states (ESs) of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) solitons of the semivortex (SV) and mixed-mode (MM) types, supported by the interplay of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and local nonlinearity in binary Bose-Einstein condensates, are unstable, on the contrary to the stability of the SV and MM solitons in their fundamental states. We propose a stabilization strategy for these states in 3D, combining SOC and long-range Rydberg-Rydberg interactions (RRI), in the presence of a spatially-periodic potential, that may include a parity-time (PT)-symmetric component. ESs of the SV solitons, which carry integer vorticities S and S+1 in their two components, exhibit robustness up to S= 4. ESs of MM solitons feature an interwoven necklace-like structure, with the components carrying opposite fractional values of the orbital angular momentum. Regions of the effective stability of the 3D solitons of the SV and MM types (both fundamental ones and ESs), are identified as functions of the imaginary component of the PT-symmetric potential and strengths of the SOC and RRI terms.
We model propagation of far-red-detuned optical vortex beams through a Bose-Einstein condensate using nonlinear Schrödinger and Gross-Pitaevskii equations. We show the formation of coupled light-atomic solitons that rotate azimuthally before moving off tangentially, carrying angular momentum. The number, and velocity, of solitons, depends on the orbital angular momentum of the optical field. Using a Bessel-Gauss beam increases radial confinement so that solitons can rotate with fixed azimuthal velocity. Our model provides a highly controllable method of channeling a BEC and atomic transport.