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Письма в Журнал экспериментальной и теоретической физики

Ostraya fokusirovka atomnogo puchka s ispol'zovaniem doplerovskogo i sub-doplerovskogo mekhanizmov lazernogo okhlazhdeniya v dvumernoy magnito-opticheskoy lovushke

Dar'ya V. Bykova, А. Е. Афанасьев, V. I. Balykin

Published Dec 15, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The focusing of an atomic beam with the use of a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap in order to increase the number of atoms in the region of their laser cooling and localization near an atom chip is discussed. Two regimes of the interaction of atoms with a focusing laser field are considered: (i) the Doppler interaction regime, which occurs at small detunings of the laser field from the atomic resonance, and (ii) the sub-Doppler interaction regime, which occurs at large detunings of the laser field from the atomic resonance. The efficiency of focusing in the first case is low because of the momentum diffusion. It has been shown that the momentum diffusion in the sub-Doppler cooling mechanism is insignificant and, as a result, the broadening of the transverse velocity distribution of atoms is small. The sharp focusing of the atomic beam is possible in this interaction regime.

DOI
10.31857/s1234567823130037

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Physical Review A•Jun 25, 2018•1 citation
The focusing of an atomic beam with the use of a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap in order to increase the number of atoms in the region of their laser cooling and localization near an atom chip is discussed. Two regimes of the interaction of atoms with a focusing laser field are considered: (i) the Doppler interaction regime, which occurs at small detunings of the laser field from the atomic resonance, and (ii) the sub-Doppler interaction regime, which occurs at large detunings of the laser field from the atomic resonance. The efficiency of focusing in the first case is low because of the momentum diffusion. It has been shown that the momentum diffusion in the sub-Doppler cooling mechanism is insignificant and, as a result, the broadening of the transverse velocity distribution of atoms is small. The sharp focusing of the atomic beam is possible in this interaction regime.
The focusing of an atomic beam with the use of a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap in order to increase the number of atoms in the region of their laser cooling and localization near an atom chip is discussed. Two regimes of the interaction of atoms with a focusing laser field are considered: (i) the Doppler interaction regime, which occurs at small detunings of the laser field from the atomic resonance, and (ii) the sub-Doppler interaction regime, which occurs at large detunings of the laser field from the atomic resonance. The efficiency of focusing in the first case is low because of the momentum diffusion. It has been shown that the momentum diffusion in the sub-Doppler cooling mechanism is insignificant and, as a result, the broadening of the transverse velocity distribution of atoms is small. The sharp focusing of the atomic beam is possible in this interaction regime.
A method has been proposed to increase the rate of loading of atoms in a U-magneto-optical trap near an atom chip. The method is based on the focusing of a slow atomic beam into the localization region of the atom chip. The overdamped focusing regime has been considered. In this case, the focal length is independent of the initial transverse velocity of atoms. It has been shown that the focusing of the atomic beam makes it possible to increase the loading rate in the localization region 250 μm in diameter by a factor of 160.
We consider the propagation of an atomic beam in a quadrupole magnetic field under transverse irradiation by a cooling laser field. The cooling laser field was chosen in the form of a two-dimensional σ + -σ − configuration. We show that the sub-Doppler resonance in the radiation force can be used to reduce the diameter of the atomic beam to a value on the order of 10 mm. We establish that the simultaneous transverse cooling and compression of the atomic beam allow its phase density to be increased to values of the order of 10 −4 –10 −3 . The dipole interaction of an atom with the cooling and compressing laser field in a quadrupole magnetic field is analyzed in terms of a simple (3 + 5)-level model atom.
Various regimes of the loading of a magneto-optical trap formed near an atom chip, such as loading from thermal atomic vapors and from a low-velocity atomic beam, have been studied on an example of 87Rb atoms. The possibility of controlling the loading of the magneto-optical trap by spatially controlling the atomic beam has been demonstrated. This has made it possible to increase the loading rate of atoms into the magneto-optical trap with keeping ultrahigh vacuum near the atom chip. The maximum number of atoms in the magneto-optical trap at optimal loading regimes is 4.9 × 107. In this case, the measured lifetime of atoms in the magneto-optical trap is 4.1 s.
We analyze the influence of an arbitrarily directed uniform magnetic field on the laser sub-Doppler cooling of atoms. The analysis is done for a (3+5)-level atom excited by a ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ laser field configuration. Our analysis shows that the effects of the magnetic field depend strongly on the direction of the magnetic field. In an arbitrarily directed magnetic field the laser cooling configuration produces both the main resonance existing already at zero magnetic field and additional sub-Doppler resonances caused by two-photon and higher-order multiphoton processes. These sub-Doppler resonances are, however, well separated on the velocity scale if the Zeeman shift exceeds the widths of the resonances. This allows one to use the main sub-Doppler resonance for an effective laser cooling of atoms even in the presence of the magnetic field. The effective temperature of the atomic ensemble at the velocity of the main resonance is found to be almost the same as in the absence of the magnetic field. The defined structure of the multiphoton resonances may be of importance for the sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms, atomic extraction from magneto-optical traps, and applications related to the control of atomic motion.
We observed efficient sub-Doppler cooling of 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb atoms under a nonzero magnetic field in a moving optical lattice formed in a bichromatic magneto-optical trap. Trap laser detunings were biased or set differently for the counterpropagating laser beams so that the atoms could be trapped where the magnetic field was nonzero. We investigated the center position and the temperature of the atomic cloud. We found that the sub-Doppler cooling effect, known to decrease as the nonzero magnetic field increases in a magneto-optical trap, would in fact increase under a particular trap-laser detuning difference. We first derived the condition under theoretical considerations and then verified it experimentally by conducting nondestructive measurement of atomic temperature.