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Computer architecture and design methodologies

Implementation and Analysis of Ciphers in Quantum Computing

Anubhab Baksi, Kyungbae Jang

Published Jan 1, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-981-97-0025-7

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The emergence of quantum computing demands rigorous reassessment of classical cryptographic primitives, particularly lightweight block ciphers (LBCs). This work addresses this critical need by presenting the first comprehensive quantum implementation and security analysis of the Feistel-based LBCs SLIM and MIBS against quantum cryptanalysis. Leveraging the inherent reversibility of the ciphers, we develop novel ancilla-free quantum circuits optimizing qubit utilization and depth. For SLIM-80, our design achieves 30,404 quantum cost with 112 qubits and depth of 4,066. For MIBS-64 and MIBS-80, we implement circuits with 23,371 and 24,363 quantum costs requiring 128 and 144 qubits, respectively, and a uniform depth of 4,768. We then quantify vulnerability to Grover’s key-search under the NIST PQC security constraint MAXDEPTH. By constructing Grover oracles under inner parallelization with multiple plaintext-ciphertext pairs to suppress false positives, we demonstrate total attack costs of 2^111 for SLIM-80 and MIBS-80, and 2^94 for MIBS-64. These costs fall below NIST’s Level-1 security threshold 2^170, confirming both ciphers’ susceptibility to quantum threats despite their lightweight efficiency. Our methodology establishes a quantum implementation framework for Feistel ciphers, revealing critical trade-offs among qubit efficiency, depth, and quantum resilience.
Abstract Grover’s algorithm reduces the security level of the target cipher from n-bit to n/2-bit. To implement Grover’s algorithm, a quantum circuit capable of performing the target cipher operations must be constructed. In this paper, we propose a quantum circuit implementation scheme for the involutive lightweight block cipher (IVLBC) block cipher. We utilized the DORCIS tool to implement the quantum circuit for the S-box and applied Gaussian elimination to construct the quantum circuit for matrix multiplication. Subsequently, we evaluated the overall quantum resource consumption required for the implementation. Based on this, we performed a quantum attack on IVLBC using Grover’s algorithm, calculating the attack cost using the NCT gate library, and further analyzed its security. Finally, we conducted a comparative analysis of the classical attack complexity and quantum attack complexity of IVLBC, highlighting the potential of using quantum complexity as a standard for future security assessments.