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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II

Quantum temporal optics devices

Moti Fridman

Published Mar 13, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum interferometers represent a powerful class of devices that exploit the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve highly sensitive measurements and precise detection capabilities. In classical interferometry, light waves or matter waves combine and interfere, resulting in constructive or destructive interference patterns that encode information about the system being studied. In the quantum realm, interferometers leverage the unique properties of quantum states, such as superposition and entanglement, to surpass the sensitivity limits imposed by classical physics. We developed a new class of quantum interferometers, namely, the temporal SU(1,1) interferometer. Here, we present the code for numerically comparing classical SU(2) interferometer, regular quantum SU(1,1) interferometer, and our temporal SU(1,1) interferometer.

DOI
10.1117/12.3011726

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Quantum interferometers represent a powerful class of devices that exploit the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve highly sensitive measurements and precise detection capabilities. In classical interferometry, light waves or matter waves combine and interfere, resulting in constructive or destructive interference patterns that encode information about the system being studied. In the quantum realm, interferometers leverage the unique properties of quantum states, such as superposition and entanglement, to surpass the sensitivity limits imposed by classical physics. We developed a new class of quantum interferometers, namely, the temporal SU(1,1) interferometer. Here, we present the code for numerically comparing classical SU(2) interferometer, regular quantum SU(1,1) interferometer, and our temporal SU(1,1) interferometer.
Quantum interferometers are able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers beyond the shot-noise limit. This is done by employing squeezed states of light and destructive interference of the noise in the system. We developed a quantum SU(1,1) interferometer in the time domain. Our nonlinear quantum interferometer creates interference of the input signals at different times and frequencies. We can control the time and frequency differences for investigating the full temporal and spectral structure of the signal. This quantum interferometer can be utilized for sensing ultrafast phase changes, quantum imaging, temporal mode encoding, and studying the temporal structure of entangled photons.
Interferometers are highly sensitive to phase differences and are utilized in numerous schemes. Quantum interferometers are able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers beyond the shot-noise limit. This is done by employing squeezed states of light and destructive interference of the noise in the system. We developed a quantum SU(1,1) interferometer in the time domain. Our nonlinear quantum interferometer creates interference of the input signals at different times and frequencies. We can control the time and frequency differences for investigating the full temporal and spectral structure of the signal. This quantum interferometer can be utilized for sensing ultrafast phase changes, quantum imaging, temporal mode encoding, and studying the temporal structure of entangled photons.
Interferometers are highly sensitive to phase differences and are utilized in numerous schemes. Of special interest is the quantum SU(1,1) interferometer which is able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers. We theoretically develop and experimentally demonstrate a temporal SU(1,1) interferometer based on two time lenses in a 4f configuration. This temporal SU(1,1) interferometer has a high temporal resolution, imposes interference on both time and spectral domains, and is sensitive to the phase derivative which is important for detecting ultrafast phase changes. Therefore, this interferometer can be utilized for temporal mode encoding, imaging, and studying the ultrafast temporal structure of quantum light.
Temporal optics, which enables lossless manipulation of ultrafast pulses, offers a new dimension for the regulation of quantum optical fields. In this paper, we established a temporal Fourier transform (TF) system based on a four-wave mixing (FWM) time lens and constructed a full quantum theoretical model for the resulting temporal SU(1,1) interferometer. This interferometer has high temporal resolution, can impose interference in both time and frequency domains, and is sensitive to the phase derivative. By introducing linear time-varying phase modulation, we achieved sub-picosecond precision in temporal autocorrelation measurements and generated ​an optical frequency comb with a fixed interval based on a feedback iteration mechanism. Theoretical analysis reveals ​the crucial regulatory role of time-frequency coupling in quantum interference, providing novel solutions for ultrafast quantum imaging, temporal mode encoding, and the generation of optical frequency quantization.
Quantum computers allow for direct simulation of the quantum interference and entanglement used in modern interferometry experiments with applications ranging from biological sensing to gravitational wave detection. Inspired by recent developments in quantum sensing at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), here we present two quantum circuit models that demonstrate the role of quantum mechanics and entanglement in modern precision sensors. We implemented these quantum circuits on IBM quantum processors, using a single qubit to represent independent photons traveling through the LIGO interferometer and two entangled qubits to illustrate the improved sensitivity that LIGO has achieved by using non-classical states of light. The one-qubit interferometer illustrates how projection noise in the measurement of independent photons corresponds to phase sensitivity at the standard quantum limit. In the presence of technical noise on a real quantum computer, this interferometer achieves the sensitivity of 11\% above the standard quantum limit. The two-qubit interferometer demonstrates how entanglement circumvents the limits imposed by the quantum shot noise, achieving the phase sensitivity 17\% below the standard quantum limit. These experiments illustrate the role that quantum mechanics plays in setting new records for precision measurements on platforms like LIGO. The experiments are broadly accessible, remotely executable activities that are well suited for introducing undergraduate students to quantum computation, error propagation, and quantum sensing on real quantum hardware.
Abstract Quantum interference plays a central role in the realm of quantum particles, revealing their wave‐like nature and probabilistic behavior. It relies on the concept of superposition, where the probability amplitudes of different processes that contribute to the given phenomenon interfere with each other. When combined, their phases can interfere either constructively or destructively. Quantum interference manifests in three distinct forms: optical interference, arising from the interaction of light waves and forming the basis for technologies such as lasers and optical filters; interference via atoms, which involves manipulating atomic states to control light–matter interactions and enables techniques like Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage and Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in quantum information processing; and interference of atoms with themselves, in which the matter waves of single atoms interfere with each other, as employed in precision measurements such as atom interferometry–a crucial tool for applications in quantum mechanics and precision navigation. These diverse forms of quantum interference have profound implications for numerous scientific disciplines, demonstrating that interference can involve particles beyond just photons.