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International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC)

Measurement-Device-Independent Deterministic Quantum Key Distribution

Ting Zhang, Jie Liu, Guodong Kang

Published Oct 27, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Improve the secure key rate and the limited communication distance is the main goal in the field of quantum key distribution. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution, not only removes all detector side channel attacks, but also doubles the secure transmission distance. However, most of measurement-device -independent quantum key distribution protocols are non-deterministic. In this paper, we propose a measurement-device-independent deterministic quantum key distribution protocol that doubles the secure distance and amends the non-deterministic factor of current measurement-device -independent quantum key distribution. And with imperfect devices model assumption, we derived the formula of the performances for it and find that the limited distance can be extended over 200km with relatively high secure key rate by employing parameters of current technologies.

DOI
10.1109/icnisc60562.2023.00039

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Improve the secure key rate and the limited communication distance is the main goal in the field of quantum key distribution. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution, not only removes all detector side channel attacks, but also doubles the secure transmission distance. However, most of measurement-device -independent quantum key distribution protocols are non-deterministic. In this paper, we propose a measurement-device-independent deterministic quantum key distribution protocol that doubles the secure distance and amends the non-deterministic factor of current measurement-device -independent quantum key distribution. And with imperfect devices model assumption, we derived the formula of the performances for it and find that the limited distance can be extended over 200km with relatively high secure key rate by employing parameters of current technologies.
Abstract Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) is proposed to close all loopholes of detection devices in QKD systems, and it holds the potential to double the limit transmission distance of those one-way QKD protocols. However, most MDI-QKD protocols are nondeterministic, which reduces the potential key rate by nearly half. In this paper, we propose a deterministic QKD protocol with an untrusted detection relay and finite sources, and based on the current technology of QKD devices, we derive the performance formula for it. The simulation results show that the performance of this protocol can exceed the MDI-QKD within the long limit transmission distance range, about 445km.
How to remove detector side channel attacks has been a notoriously hard problem in quantum cryptography. Here, we propose a simple solution to this problem--measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD). It not only removes all detector side channels, but also doubles the secure distance with conventional lasers. Our proposal can be implemented with standard optical components with low detection efficiency and highly lossy channels. In contrast to the previous solution of full device independent QKD, the realization of our idea does not require detectors of near unity detection efficiency in combination with a qubit amplifier (based on teleportation) or a quantum nondemolition measurement of the number of photons in a pulse. Furthermore, its key generation rate is many orders of magnitude higher than that based on full device independent QKD. The results show that long-distance quantum cryptography over say 200 km will remain secure even with seriously flawed detectors.
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) is proven to be immune to all the detector side channel attacks. With two symmetric quantum channels, the maximal transmission distance can be doubled when compared with the prepare-and-measure QKD. An interesting question is whether the transmission distance can be extended further. In this work, we consider the contributions of the two-way local operations and classical communications to the key generation rate and transmission distance of the MDI-QKD. Our numerical results show that the secure transmission distances are increased by about 12 km and 8 km when the 1 B and the 2 B steps are implemented, respectively.
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution removes all detector-side attacks in quantum cryptography, and in the meantime doubles the secure distance. The source side, however, is still vulnerable to various attacks. In particular, the continuous phase randomization assumption on the source side is normally not fulfilled in experimental implementation and may potentially open a loophole. In this work, we first show that indeed there are loopholes for imperfect phase randomization in measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution by providing a concrete attack. Then we propose a discrete-phase-randomized measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocol as a solution to close this source-side loophole.
Although some ideal quantum key distribution protocols have been proved to be secure, there have been some demonstrations that practical quantum key distribution implementations were hacked due to some real-life imperfections. Among these attacks, detector side channel attacks may be the most serious. Recently, a measurement device independent quantum key distribution protocol [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 130503 ] was proposed and all detector side channel attacks are removed in this scheme. Here a new security proof based on quantum information theory is given. The eavesdropper's information of the sifted key bits is bounded. Then with this bound, the final secure key bit rate can be obtained.
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) protocol is immune to all attacks on detection and guarantees the information-theoretical security even with imperfect single-photon detectors. Recently, several proof-of-principle demonstrations of MDIQKD have been achieved. Those experiments, although novel, are implemented through limited distance with a key rate less than 0.1 bit/s. Here, by developing a 75 MHz clock rate fully automatic and highly stable system and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with detection efficiencies of more than 40%, we extend the secure transmission distance of MDIQKD to 200 km and achieve a secure key rate 3 orders of magnitude higher. These results pave the way towards a quantum network with measurement-device-independent security.