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IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems

Modulation Signaling-based Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution for Indoor Visible Light Communications

Ragini Verma, Shrey Agrawal, Anshul Jaiswal

Published Dec 17, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work proposes and analyzes quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK)-assisted quantum key distribution (QPSK-QKD) for indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems. The joint probabilities are calculated for QPSK-QKD system to determine analytical expressions for the probability of sifted keys (Psift), quantum bit error rate (QBER), error probability for the eavesdropper (Peve), and ergodic secret key rate. As a special case of QPSK-QKD, the binary phase-shift keying-assisted QKD (BPSK-QKD) system is also examined in terms of considered performance metrics. Comparative results of QPSK-QKD and BPSK-QKD systems indicate that BPSK-QKD outperforms QPSK-QKD in terms of Psiftand QBER. However, QPSK-QKD is superior to BPSK-QKD for Peve. Finally, it is concluded that based on the requirement, a choice can be made between QPSK-QKD and BPSK-QKD for a VLC system.

DOI
10.1109/ants59832.2023.10469080

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This work proposes and analyzes quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK)-assisted quantum key distribution (QPSK-QKD) for indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems. The joint probabilities are calculated for QPSK-QKD system to determine analytical expressions for the probability of sifted keys (Psift), quantum bit error rate (QBER), error probability for the eavesdropper (Peve), and ergodic secret key rate. As a special case of QPSK-QKD, the binary phase-shift keying-assisted QKD (BPSK-QKD) system is also examined in terms of considered performance metrics. Comparative results of QPSK-QKD and BPSK-QKD systems indicate that BPSK-QKD outperforms QPSK-QKD in terms of Psiftand QBER. However, QPSK-QKD is superior to BPSK-QKD for Peve. Finally, it is concluded that based on the requirement, a choice can be made between QPSK-QKD and BPSK-QKD for a VLC system.
In this paper, we study an application of quantum key distribution (QKD) for indoor visible light communication (VLC) networks. Continuous variable QKD (CV-QKD) is used due to the fact that it is less expensive, working at room temperature, and much easier to implement. We design and analyze the security performance of the CV-QKD protocol based on sub-carrier intensity modulation (SIM) over indoor VLC systems taking into account the effects of VLC channel and other physical layer impairments. The mathematical expressions for quantum bit-error rate (QBER) and secret-key rate are derived. Based on the mathematical expressions, various systems’ metrics, including the modulation depth and the dual-threshold scale coefficient, can be determined so as to QBER and secret-key rate meet the design criteria.
This letter proposes a novel modulation signaling-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that employs eight phases of the optical carrier, therefore named octa-phase shift keying QKD (8PSK-QKD). The proposed QKD protocol shares two key bits simultaneously and consequently exhibits increased spectral efficiency compared to existing modulation signaling-based QKD protocols. Different performance metrics, viz., probability of sifted keys (PsiftP _{\text{sift}}Psift​), quantum bit error rate, probability of sifted keys of Eve, and Eve’s error probability (PeveP _{\text{eve}}Peve​), are determined using a novel analytical framework for a free-space optical channel under the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error. To inspect the potential of the system, the 8PSK-QKD system is compared with the quadrature phase shift keying-based QKD (QPSK-QKD) and subcarrier intensity modulation binary phase shift keying-based QKD (SIM/BPSK-QKD) systems. Numerical results reveal that the 8PSK-QKD system follows the criteria of an acceptable QKD system even with transmitting two key bits at a time. Additionally, the 8PSK-QKD system outperform the SIM/BPSK-QKD and QPSK-QKD by offering betterPsiftP _{\text{sift}}Psift​andPeveP _{\text{eve}}Peve​.
This work presents the implementation of one-time padding (OTP) encryption in intensity modulation/direct detection-based (IM/DD)-based visible light communication (VLC) systems using a discrete modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol. The proposed system uses a QKD-based quadrature phase shift keying protocol to prepare and share the secret key and employs binary phase shift keying modulation to transfer the encrypted information simultaneously via frequency division multiplexing. In the proposed system, OTP encryption is applied to each frame using secret keys generated during the preceding frame. To analyze the system's performance, bit error rate (BER) and transmission efficiency of the overall system are derived and verified using Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the overall BER of Bob decreases with the increase in transmitted power (Pt), however, the BER of Eve remains constant throughout the considered range ofPtP_{\mathrm{t}}Pt​. This shows the effectiveness of the proposed strategy as a practical quantum cryptographic method in IM/DD VLC system.
This work analyzes a terrestrial-based free-space quantum key distribution system employing quadrature-phase shift keying signaling (QKD-QPSK). An analytical framework is proposed to determine various joint probabilities under the gamma-gamma turbulence channel model without utilizing the Gaussian–Laguerre (GL) method. Although GL-based method provides ease of computation of integral forms, but it is not always stable. Using derived joint probabilities, novel analytical expressions for the probability of sifted keys (Psift), quantum bit error rate (QBER), error probability for the eavesdropper (Peve), and the ergodic secret-key rate (ESKR) are determined for QKD-QPSK system. This work also reveals that the QKD-QPSK system can be transformed into QKD-based binary phase-shift keying (QKD-BPSK) system. Furthermore, using the proposed analytical framework, all the considered performance metrics are also evaluated for the QKD-BPSK system. Finally, QKD-QPSK and QKD-BPSK systems are compared under moderate and strong turbulence regimes. Comparative results indicate that QKD-QPSK outperforms QKD-BPSK in terms of Peve. However, QKD-BPSK is superior to QKD-QPSK for Psiftand QBER. Furthermore, a positive ESKR can be achieved for both systems with the proper selection of threshold coefficient (ρ) and transmitted power (Pt).
This paper proposes to design a satellite-based free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) systems using quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) signaling. Our proposed QKD system based on continuous variable encoding to provide the secret-key transmission, where the key information is encoded on four coherent states corresponding to QPSK modulation scheme. In addition, we use heterodyne detection receiver to improve the receiver sensitivity thus decode the signal with high fidelity. The performance of the proposed free-space QKD system is analytically investigated. More especially, the mathematical expression for quantum bit error rate (QBER) is derived taking into account the effect of physical layer impairments and parameters. The numerical results help to determine the appropriate values of system's parameters such as the threshold coefficients and the required transmitted power.
In this paper, we investigate a satellite quantum key distribution (QKD) solution for vehicular visible light communication (V2LC) networks. Quantum keys are generated from a trusted satellite and then transmitted via free-space optics (FSO) link to a ground station, where they are distributed to vehicles by using a LED traffic light. Performance of the proposed QKD system is analyzed by taking into account the impact caused by both FSO and visible light communication (VLC) channels. The road model is also considered to determine the services areas of vehicles. Numerical results in terms of quantum bit-error rate (QBER) and probability of sift prove the feasibility of our proposed QKD system.