From ancient, physics was named the science of measurement. The measurement in photoelectric effect proved that the light must be consisted of particles and the reason for the refusal of that was the double-slit experiment. In the double-slit experiment, we could observe interference fringes that justify the light as a wave. But we know that the constant mass of the electron was proven and have interference fringes in the double-slit experiment too. Therefore, there is at least one example with constant rest mass which has interference fringes in double-slit experiment. So, the removal of constant rest mass, for photon, is not a good solution to answer the observance of interference fringes in double-slit experiment. In this paper, we explain four real examples in different branches of physics based on a new theory, Saleh Theory, which known a photon as a small particle with constant rest mass. The compare was shown to determination of a violation in the Conservation of mass and energy principle. This indicates that where the photon rest mass is zero the mass and energy principle is violated and demonstrate that we need to use a new theory to improve all physics’ branches which encounter with photons.
From ancient, physics was named the science of measurement. The measurement in photoelectric effect proved that the light must be consisted of particles and the reason for the refusal of that was the double-slit experiment. In the double-slit experiment, we could observe interference fringes that justify the light as a wave. But we know that the constant mass of the electron was proven and have interference fringes in the double-slit experiment too. Therefore, there is at least one example with constant rest mass which has interference fringes in double-slit experiment. So, the removal of constant rest mass, for photon, is not a good solution to answer the observance of interference fringes in double-slit experiment. In this paper, we explain four real examples in different branches of physics based on a new theory, Saleh Theory, which known a photon as a small particle with constant rest mass. The compare was shown to determination of a violation in the Conservation of mass and energy principle. This indicates that where the photon rest mass is zero the mass and energy principle is violated and demonstrate that we need to use a new theory to improve all physics’ branches which encounter with photons.
Light is quantum which indicates the duality of particles and waves. Therefore, it is not possible to make a model of light to explain two antithetical characters at the same time. But, I succeeded to draw a model of light having simultaneously both characteristics of particles and waves based on “energy body theory”. The reason why light makes interference fringes in Young double slit experiment became clear by this. Particularly, the reason why interference fringes are made, even when photons are emitted one by one, if many photons are emitted, were also made clear. More, this photon model gives the reason to the phenomena such as reflection, refraction and invariable velocity of light.
Abstract The theory of light waves contains a number of errors that violate a fundamental principle of physics: photons can be subdivided indefinitely. Photons can multiply indefinitely. If the phase is shifted π, the electromagnetic, light, or matter waves become negative electromagnetic, negative light, or antimatter waves, respectively, which cancel themselves out. The wavelet sources of light waves are of unknown origin. Photons can be regenerated and reused. The conditions for light waves to interfere do not take into account the effect of polarization direction. The effect of the reflected wave is not represented in the interference fringe. The weak transmittance of the double-slit device will not stand up to close scientific scrutiny. Masks similar to double slit devices do not allow the lithography machine to function properly if the light waves interfere. The pattern of fringe deduced by mathematical model is different from that of double slit interference test. Light waves without bandwidth cannot be accommodated by the theory of electromagnetic waves. The physics of light waves contradicts the principle of the Fourier transform. The spectrum of electromagnetic waves modulated by the transmitted information must produce modulation effect, but this effect does not occur in optical fiber communication. Because the size is much smaller than the wavelength, the photon is sampled equivalent to the light wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not represented by the photon. The wave-particle duality is incompatible with the Doppler principle. To sum up, the conclusion that light waves interfere with each other to produce fringes in the results of double-slit interference test is reached under the condition that most of the physical properties of waves are stripped away, and this conclusion is divorced from objectivity. The theory of light waves is not correct. In any case, light is not a wave. Light waves are misunderstood.
Abstract The theory of light waves contains a number of errors that violate a fundamental principle of physics: photons can be subdivided indefinitely. Photons can multiply indefinitely. If the phase is shifted π, the electromagnetic, light, or matter waves become negative electromagnetic, negative light, or antimatter waves, respectively, which cancel themselves out. The wavelet sources of light waves are of unknown origin. Photons can be regenerated and reused. The conditions for light waves to interfere do not take into account the effect of polarization direction. The effect of the reflected wave is not represented in the interference fringe. The weak transmittance of the double-slit device will not stand up to close scientific scrutiny. Masks similar to double slit devices do not allow the lithography machine to function properly if the light waves interfere. The pattern of the fringe deduced by the mathematical model is different from that of the double slit interference test. Light waves without bandwidth cannot be accommodated by the theory of electromagnetic waves. The physics of light waves contradicts the principle of the Fourier transform. The spectrum of electromagnetic waves modulated by the transmitted information must produce a modulation effect, but this effect does not occur in optical fiber communication. Because the size is much smaller than the wavelength, the photon is sampled equivalent to the light wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not represented by the photon. The wave-particle duality is incompatible with the Doppler principle. In summary, the conclusion that light waves interfere with each other to produce fringes in the results of the double-slit interference test is reached under the condition that most of the physical properties of waves are stripped away, and this conclusion is divorced from objectivity. The theory of light waves is not correct. In any case, light is not a wave. Light waves are misunderstood.
Abstract The double slit test, as it is known, results in a series of alternating streaks of light and dark, presumed to be caused by interfering light waves. Careful comparison of experimental results and mathematical models reveals that the plausible theory of light-wave interference contains many fatal flaws. For example, the mathematical model does not have a mechanism for regularly producing multiple dark streaks. In practice, the spot where the dark streaks should appear is the brightest spot. Since only the electron radiates photons outward as it lowers its energy and returns to its ground state, the photon waves generated in the slit (possibly a vacuum) are of unknown origin. When light waves interfere with each other, photons can be infinitely subdivided and multiplied; After the head of the photon reaches the screen, the rest of the photon can still participate in interference; The effects of reflected light waves that most satisfy the interference conditions are not shown in the fringe. The important influence of polarization direction is not considered in the interference condition. In the causality test, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be retested with a double slit test. In the causality test, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be retested with a double slit test. The phenomenon of "observation determines outcome" has also been observed. When the phase is shifted π or the signal is reversed, it becomes a negative wave that cancels itself out. The transmittance of light waves through a double-slit device should not be so weak. As a fundamental physical property, waves must have bandwidth, but light and quantum only have a single frequency, which does not conform to the Fourier transform principle that waves must follow. Light waves in optical fiber communication must produce modulation effect, which has not been shown in reality. If the light waves from different slits interfere with each other, a mask similar to a two-slit device will not allow the lithographer to work properly. A photon whose size is much smaller than the wave length does not represent the whole wave but only represents a sample of the wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not shown. A pair of stars orbiting each other without changing color only proves that redshift is impossible but not that the speed of light is constant. Due to the late birth of radio technology, many physical properties of electromagnetic waves were not included in the light and matter waves proposed earlier. The results of the double slit test only prove that the simple quantum particle model is incorrect but do not provide evidence that the wave model is correct.
Abstract The double slit test, as it is known, results in a series of alternating streaks of light and dark, presumed to be caused by interfering light waves. Careful comparison of experimental results and mathematical models reveals that the plausible theory of light-wave interference contains many fatal flaws. For example, the mathematical model does not have a mechanism for regularly producing multiple dark streaks. In practice, the spot where the dark streaks should appear is the brightest spot. Since only the electron radiates photons outward as it lowers its energy and returns to its ground state, the photon waves generated in the slit (possibly a vacuum) are of unknown origin. When light waves interfere with each other, photons can be infinitely subdivided and multiplied; After the head of the photon reaches the screen, the rest of the photon can still participate in interference; The effects of reflected light waves that most satisfy the interference conditions are not shown in the fringe. The important influence of polarization direction is not considered in the interference condition. In the causality test, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be retested with a double slit test. In the causality test, the photon that has collapsed into a particle should be retested with a double slit test. The phenomenon of "observation determines outcome" has also been observed. When the phase is shifted π or the signal is reversed, it becomes a negative wave that cancels itself out. The transmittance of light waves through a double-slit device should not be so weak. As a fundamental physical property, waves must have bandwidth, but light and quantum only have a single frequency, which does not conform to the Fourier transform principle that waves must follow. Light waves in optical fiber communication must produce modulation effect, which has not been shown in reality. If the light waves from different slits interfere with each other, a mask similar to a two-slit device will not allow the lithographer to work properly. A photon whose size is much smaller than the wave length does not represent the whole wave but only represents a sample of the wave, but the corresponding physical properties are not shown. A pair of stars orbiting each other without changing color only proves that redshift is impossible but not that the speed of light is constant. Due to the late birth of radio technology, many physical properties of electromagnetic waves were not included in the light and matter waves proposed earlier. The results of the double slit test only prove that the simple quantum particle model is incorrect but do not provide evidence that the wave model is correct.
Traditional quantum mechanics explains single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference based on wave-particle duality, claiming that photons possess both particle and wave properties and can self-interfere to form alternating light and dark fringes. This paper puts forward a new theory: photons travel in straight lines. Upon generation, each photon has a fixed transverse vibration direction that maintains a constant angle relative to its propagation axis. A single photon never undergoes random 360° omnidirectional vibration. The omnidirectional vibration observed in natural light is a macroscopic effect formed by the superposition of massive photons each carrying their own unique fixed vibration angles. The fringes observed in single-slit and double-slit experiments are macroscopic patterns formed by geometric amplification and statistical superposition of numerous photon trajectories. These trajectories are deflected and scattered when photons collide with slit walls due to their fixed-angle vibration. No fringes appear without baffles, nor when slits are excessively wide to avoid photon-wall collisions; fringes only emerge when slits are narrow enough to allow photons to collide with wall surfaces. When photons collide with atoms on slit walls, electrons absorb photon energy to jump to higher energy levels and release secondary light during energy-level transitions back to lower states. Superposition of secondary light rays traveling in different directions generates light and dark fringes. This paper retains the carbon nanotube light absorption/non-absorption control experiment and the receiving screen distance variation verification experiment, and adds three new groups of comparative experiments: front polarizer control experiment, gradient wall thickness slit control experiment, and multi-stage polarizer experiment for measuring photon vibration range. Multiple experiments form a complete logical closed loop. At present, there are no publicly available precise quantitative values for the amplitude of photon transverse vibration, and only the approximate variation range can be measured through optical path devices. Multiple experimental observations indicate that interpretations relying on wave-particle duality are untenable.