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Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation

Quantum networks with neutral atom processing nodes

Jacob P. Covey, Lintao Li, William Huie, Xiye Hu, Zhubing Jia, Aakash Aakash, Won Kyu Calvin Sun, Yuhao Dong, Tree Hiri-O-Tuppa

Published Mar 12, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this Invited Paper, we will summarize our vision for quantum networks based on arrays of individual neutral atoms. With a photonic interface such as an optical cavity, some atoms in the array – the “communication” qubits – can establish remote entanglement while others – the “data” qubits – are used for large-scale quantum information processing or for quantum-enhanced metrology via an atomic clock transition. Deterministic gates within the array will enable operations and algorithms that are distributed among all the qubits in two or more nodes. Additionally, we will discuss our efforts to realize this vision with arrays of ytterbium-171 atoms in optical tweezers, in which telecom-band photons can be directly entangled with nuclear spin qubits without the need for wavelength conversion.

DOI
10.1117/12.2692754

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In this Invited Paper, we will summarize our vision for quantum networks based on arrays of individual neutral atoms. With a photonic interface such as an optical cavity, some atoms in the array – the “communication” qubits – can establish remote entanglement while others – the “data” qubits – are used for large-scale quantum information processing or for quantum-enhanced metrology via an atomic clock transition. Deterministic gates within the array will enable operations and algorithms that are distributed among all the qubits in two or more nodes. Additionally, we will discuss our efforts to realize this vision with arrays of ytterbium-171 atoms in optical tweezers, in which telecom-band photons can be directly entangled with nuclear spin qubits without the need for wavelength conversion.
The realization of a quantum network node of matter-based qubits compatible with telecommunication-band operation and large-scale quantum information processing is an outstanding challenge that has limited the potential of elementary quantum networks. We propose a platform for interfacing quantum processors comprising neutral atom arrays with telecommunication-band photons in a multiplexed network architecture. The use of a large atom array instead of a single atom mitigates the deleterious effects of two-way communication and improves the entanglement rate between two nodes by nearly two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, this system simultaneously provides the ability to perform high-fidelity deterministic gates and readout within each node, opening the door to quantum repeater and purification protocols to enhance the length and fidelity of the network, respectively. Using intermediate nodes as quantum repeaters, we demonstrate the feasibility of entanglement distribution over $\ensuremath{\approx}1500\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{km}$ based on realistic assumptions, providing a blueprint for a transcontinental network. Finally, we demonstrate that our platform can distribute $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}25$ Bell pairs over metropolitan distances, which could serve as the backbone of a distributed fault-tolerant quantum computer.
Abstract Quantum networks providing shared entanglement over a mesh of quantum nodes will revolutionize the field of quantum information science by offering novel applications in quantum computation, enhanced precision in networks of sensors and clocks, and efficient quantum communication over large distances. Recent experimental progress with individual neutral atoms demonstrates a high potential for implementing the crucial components of such networks. We highlight latest developments and near-term prospects on how arrays of individually controlled neutral atoms are suited for both efficient remote entanglement generation and large-scale quantum information processing, thereby providing the necessary features for sharing high-fidelity and error-corrected multi-qubit entangled states between the nodes. We describe both the functionality requirements and several examples for advanced, large-scale quantum networks composed of neutral atom processing nodes.
Arrays of neutral atoms trapped in optical tweezers have emerged as a leading platform for quantum information processing and quantum simulation due to their scalability, reconfigurable connectivity, and high-fidelity operations. Individual atoms are promising candidates for quantum networking due to their capability to emit indistinguishable photons that are entangled with their internal atomic states. Integrating atom arrays with photonic interfaces would enable distributed architectures in which nodes hosting many processing qubits could be efficiently linked together via the distribution of remote entanglement. However, many atom array techniques cease to work in close proximity to photonic interfaces, with atom detection via standard fluorescence imaging presenting a major challenge due to scattering from nearby photonic devices. Here, we demonstrate an architecture that combines atom arrays with up to 64 optical tweezers and a millimeter-scale photonic chip hosting more than 100 nanophotonic cavities. We achieve high-fidelity ( ~ 99.2%), background-free imaging in close proximity to nanofabricated cavities using a multichromatic excitation and detection scheme. The atoms can be imaged while trapped a few hundred nanometers above the dielectric surface, which we verify using Stark shift measurements of the modified trapping potential. Finally, we rearrange atoms into defect-free arrays and load them simultaneously onto the same or multiple devices.
Efficient interfaces between photons and memory qubits constitute fundamental build- ing blocks for quantum networking and large-scale quantum information processing. Our approach utilizes a photonic crystal cavity to realize such optical interfaces for atoms in optical tweezers. With this platform, we observe strong coupling between two atoms mediated by the cavity. Combining this observation with coherent manipulation and non-destructive measurements, we implement a protocol for generating Bell pairs that remain entangled when transported away from the cavity structure. These results present prospects for building integrated optical interconnects for neutral atom quan- tum information processors, adding capabilities such as rapid non-destructive readout and flexible connectivity to the rapidly-growing platform.
Scalable quantum computers and quantum networks require the combination of quantum processing nodes with efficient light-matter interfaces to distribute quantum information in local or long-distance quantum networks. Neutral-atom arrays have both been coupled to Rydberg states to enable high-fidelity quantum gates in universal processing architectures, and to optical cavities to realize interfaces to photons. However, combining these two capabilities and coupling atom arrays to highly excited Rydberg states in the mode of an optical cavity has been an outstanding challenge. Here we present a novel cavity-coupled Rydberg array that achieves this long-standing goal. We prepare, detect, and control individual atoms in a scalable optical tweezer array, couple them strongly to the optical mode of a high-finesse optical cavity and excite them in a controlled way to Rydberg states. We show that high-cooperativity coupling to an optical cavity -- demonstrated via the dispersive shift of the resonance of the cavity in presence of the atoms -- and strong Rydberg interactions -- demonstrated via the collective enhancement of Rydberg coupling in the atomic array -- can be achieved in our setup at the same spatial location. Our presented experimental platform opens the path to several new directions, including the realization of quantum network nodes, quantum simulation of long-range interacting, open quantum systems and photonic-state engineering leveraging high-fidelity Rydberg control.