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NTT technical review

A Bose-Einstein Condensate Achieved on a Persistent-supercurrent Atom Chip

T. Mukai, Hiromitsu Imai

Published Sep 1, 2014• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A persistent-supercurrent atom chip is a quantum device designed with a view to transcending the limits of conventional technologies by employing some of the significant properties of quantum mechanics.We have applied this novel technique to achieve an atomic gas in a macroscopic quantum state in the vicinity of a solid-state surface.In this article, we review a technique for making an extremely stable Bose-Einstein condensate above a chip surface and describe our attempts to overcome several unpredicted problems introduced by superconductivity.

DOI
10.53829/ntr201409fa6

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A persistent-supercurrent atom chip is a quantum device designed with a view to transcending the limits of conventional technologies by employing some of the significant properties of quantum mechanics.We have applied this novel technique to achieve an atomic gas in a macroscopic quantum state in the vicinity of a solid-state surface.In this article, we review a technique for making an extremely stable Bose-Einstein condensate above a chip surface and describe our attempts to overcome several unpredicted problems introduced by superconductivity.
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Atom chips are devices used to magnetically trap and manipulate ultracold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates near a surface. In particular, permanent magnetic film atom chips can allow very tight confinement and intricate magnetic field designs while circumventing technical current noise. Research described in this thesis is focused on the development of a magnetic film atom chip, the production of Bose-Einstein condensates near the film surface, the characterisation of the associated magnetic potentials using rf spectroscopy of ultracold atoms and the realisation of a precision sensor based on splitting Bose-Einstein condensates in a double-well potential. The atom chip itself combines the edge of a perpendicularly magnetised GdTbFeCo film with a machined silver wire structure. A mirror magneto-optical trap collects up to 5 x 108 87Rb atoms beneath the chip surface. The current-carrying wires are then used to transfer the cloud of atoms to the magnetic film microtrap and radio frequency evaporative cooling is applied to produce Bose-Einstein condensates consisting of 1 x 105 atoms. We have identified small spatial magnetic field variations near the film surface that fragment the ultracold atom cloud. These variations originate from inhomogeneity in the film magnetisation and are characterised using a novel technique based on spatially resolved radio frequency spectroscopy of the atoms to map the magnetic field landscape over a large area. The observations agree with an analytic model for the spatial decay of random magnetic fields from the film surface. Bose-Einstein condensates in our unique potential landscape have been used as a precision sensor for potential gradients. We transfer the atoms to the central region of the chip which produces a double-well potential. A single BEC is formed far from the surface and is then dynamically split in two by moving the trap closer to the surface. After splitting, the population of atoms in each well is extremely sensitive to the asymmetry of the potential and can be used to sense tiny magnetic field gradients or changes in gravity on a small spatial scale.
Ultra-cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) provide a dramatic example of a quantum system on a macroscopic scale. Atoms can be cooled down to temperatures below 1μK and their de Broglie wavelengths become large enough to be readily observed in experiments. This has spawned a new research area known as atom optics which refers to the study and control of atoms based on their wave nature. In recent years, physicists have been performing experiments with coherent atoms from a Bose-Einstein condensate. The ability to produce and manipulate condensates above microfabricated surfaces may one day lead to new technologies such as atom interferometers on a chip.
With the prevalence of quantum theory, many physicists have focused on the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) because it reveals the quantum behavior macroscopically. This article discusses briefly the discovery of BEC and the difficulties to achieve BEC. After that, the general procedures to achieve BEC are introduced while the mechanism of important techniques to accomplish each procedure is illustrated, such as laser cooling, trapping, and evaporative cooling. Besides, the unique physical properties of BEC are introduced in this article. Finally, the possible application of BEC in the field of an atom laser, simulation, and the atomic clock is evaluated.