Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics

Frequency modulation of Rydberg states by radio frequency electromagnetic fields

Nabendu S. Mishra

Published Mar 8, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This study demonstrates the frequency modulation of Rydberg states in 87Rb thermal vapor leading to the production of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal. The modulation is provided externally through radio-frequency (RF) electric fields from a parallel-plate capacitor. The modified EIT signal is detected via the conventional lock-in amplified EIT setup. We assess the strengths of the peaks in the modulated EIT spectrum and compare them to a mathematical model based on Floquet theory. The relationship between the strength of the EIT peaks and the RF voltage is identified as a function of the Bessel function of the modulation index.

DOI
10.1117/12.3004495

Related papers

Frequency modulation of Rydberg states by radio frequency electromagnetic fields

Nabendu S. Mishra

In this work, we demonstrate the generation of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal due to frequency modulation of Rydberg states in $^{87}\text{Rb}$ thermal vapor. An oscillating radio-frequency (RF) electric field generated through a pair of parallel-placed copper plates leads to modulation of the Rydberg state by virtue of Stark effect where the frequency and strength of the sidebands quantify the RF electric field present. The variation of the strength of the EIT peak and the sidebands with RF voltage is observed to vary as a function of the Bessel function of modulation index. It provides an estimate of the atomic polarizability in the medium, which for $54S_{1/2}$ state, is found to be $(h)\cdot1.01\times10^8$ $\text{Hz/(V/cm)}^2$.

•Sep 14, 2023•0 citations

Frequency modulation of Rydberg states by radio frequency electromagnetic fields

Nabendu S. Mishra

In this work, we demonstrate the generation of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal due to frequency modulation of Rydberg states in $^{87}\text{Rb}$ thermal vapor. An oscillating radio-frequency (RF) electric field generated through a pair of parallel-placed copper plates leads to modulation of the Rydberg state by virtue of Stark effect where the frequency and strength of the sidebands quantify the RF electric field present. The variation of the strength of the EIT peak and the sidebands with RF voltage is observed to vary as a function of the Bessel function of modulation index. It provides an estimate of the atomic polarizability in the medium, which for $54S_{1/2}$ state, is found to be $(h)\cdot1.01\times10^8$ $\text{Hz/(V/cm)}^2$.

arXiv:2309.07007•Sep 13, 2023•0 citations

Frequency modulation of Rydberg states by radio frequency electromagnetic fields

Nabendu S. Mishra

In this work, we demonstrate the generation of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal due to frequency modulation of Rydberg states in $^{87}\text{Rb}$ thermal vapor. An oscillating radio-frequency (RF) electric field generated through a pair of parallel-placed copper plates leads to modulation of the Rydberg state by virtue of Stark effect where the frequency and strength of the sidebands quantify the RF electric field present. The variation of the strength of the EIT peak and the sidebands with RF voltage is observed to vary as a function of the Bessel function of modulation index. It provides an estimate of the atomic polarizability in the medium, which for $54S_{1/2}$ state, is found to be $(h)\cdot1.01\times10^8$ $\text{Hz/(V/cm)}^2$.

•Sep 14, 2023•1 citation

Electromagnetically induced transparency spectra of cesium Rydberg atoms decorated by radio-frequency fields

Yulong Han, Bang Liu, Kan Zhang +3 more

The large electric dipole moment of the Rydberg atom allows for strong coupling with weak electric fields, and is widely used in electric field measurements because of its reproducibility, precision and stability. The combination of Rydberg atoms and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technology has been used for detecting and characterizing radio-frequency (RF) electric fields. In this work, by selecting probe light (852 nm), dressed light (1470 nm), and coupled light (780 nm), the Rydberg state (49P3/2) of Cs atom is prepared by using a three-photon excitation scheme through using all-infrared light excitation of Rydberg atoms. We experimentally observe the EIT spectra of the Rydberg states decorated by radio-frequency electric fields, which optically detects Rydberg atoms. The effect of the amplitude and frequency of the RF electric field on the spectrum is explored in light of changes in the EIT spectrum. The results show that in the region of weak electric field, only the ac Stark energy shift and spectral broadening occur. As the electric field is further enhanced, the sideband phenomenon occurs in both the primary peak and secondary peak of the EIT. In the region of strong field, the Rydberg energy level produces a series of Floquet states with higher-order terms, as well as state shifting and mixing, resulting in asymmetry in the spectra of the EIT sideband peaks. The effect of frequency on the shielding effect of the Cs vapor cell is further discussed based on the shift of the main peak of the EIT. The demodulation of the electric field in a range of 50 Hz–1 kHz with a fidelity of 95% is achieved by modulating the low-frequency electric field to the RF electric field. The results can provide valuable references for spectral detection and traceable measurements of low-frequency electric fields.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2024•1 citation

Radio-frequency-modulated Rydberg states in a vapor cell

Stephanie Miller, David Alexander Anderson, Georg A. Raithel

We measure strong radio-frequency (RF) electric fields using rubidium Rydberg atoms prepared in a room-temperature vapor cell as field sensors. Electromagnetically induced transparency is employed as an optical readout. We RF-modulate the and Rydberg states with 50 and 100 MHz fields, respectively. For weak to moderate RF fields, the Rydberg levels become Stark-shifted, and sidebands appear at even multiples of the driving frequency. In high fields, the adjacent hydrogenic manifold begins to intersect the shifted levels, providing rich spectroscopic structure suitable for precision field measurements. A quantitative description of strong-field level modulation and mixing of S and D states with hydrogenic states is provided by Floquet theory. Additionally, we estimate the shielding of DC electric fields in the interior of the glass vapor cell.

arXiv:1601.06840•New Journal of Physics•May 9, 2016•74 citations

Atom-based power-frequency electric field measurement using the radio-frequency-modulated Rydberg spectroscopy

Weixin Liu, Linjie Zhang, Tao Wang

The radio-frequency modulated electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a ladder three-level system with Rydberg state is studied. Under the influence of a fast radio-frequency field, the EIT peak splits into a series of sidebands. When attaching a power-frequency electric field directly to the fast radio-frequency field, the odd-order sidebands of the Rydberg-EIT oscillate sensitively with the power-frequency field. The oscillation frequency is equal to twice the power frequency; the oscillation amplitude is monotonically increasing with the amplitude of the power-frequency field when the change of Stark-shift is smaller than the radio frequency. Our work paves the way for measurement of power-frequency electric field based on Rydberg atoms.

Chinese Physics B•Nov 29, 2022•16 citations
This study demonstrates the frequency modulation of Rydberg states in 87Rb thermal vapor leading to the production of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal. The modulation is provided externally through radio-frequency (RF) electric fields from a parallel-plate capacitor. The modified EIT signal is detected via the conventional lock-in amplified EIT setup. We assess the strengths of the peaks in the modulated EIT spectrum and compare them to a mathematical model based on Floquet theory. The relationship between the strength of the EIT peaks and the RF voltage is identified as a function of the Bessel function of the modulation index.
In this work, we demonstrate the generation of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal due to frequency modulation of Rydberg states in 87Rb^{87}\text{Rb}87Rb thermal vapor. An oscillating radio-frequency (RF) electric field generated through a pair of parallel-placed copper plates leads to modulation of the Rydberg state by virtue of Stark effect where the frequency and strength of the sidebands quantify the RF electric field present. The variation of the strength of the EIT peak and the sidebands with RF voltage is observed to vary as a function of the Bessel function of modulation index. It provides an estimate of the atomic polarizability in the medium, which for 54S1/254S_{1/2}54S1/2​ state, is found to be (h)⋅1.01×108(h)\cdot1.01\times10^8(h)⋅1.01×108 Hz/(V/cm)2\text{Hz/(V/cm)}^2Hz/(V/cm)2.
In this work, we demonstrate the generation of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal due to frequency modulation of Rydberg states in 87Rb^{87}\text{Rb}87Rb thermal vapor. An oscillating radio-frequency (RF) electric field generated through a pair of parallel-placed copper plates leads to modulation of the Rydberg state by virtue of Stark effect where the frequency and strength of the sidebands quantify the RF electric field present. The variation of the strength of the EIT peak and the sidebands with RF voltage is observed to vary as a function of the Bessel function of modulation index. It provides an estimate of the atomic polarizability in the medium, which for 54S1/254S_{1/2}54S1/2​ state, is found to be (h)⋅1.01×108(h)\cdot1.01\times10^8(h)⋅1.01×108 Hz/(V/cm)2\text{Hz/(V/cm)}^2Hz/(V/cm)2.
In this work, we demonstrate the generation of sidebands in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal due to frequency modulation of Rydberg states in 87Rb^{87}\text{Rb}87Rb thermal vapor. An oscillating radio-frequency (RF) electric field generated through a pair of parallel-placed copper plates leads to modulation of the Rydberg state by virtue of Stark effect where the frequency and strength of the sidebands quantify the RF electric field present. The variation of the strength of the EIT peak and the sidebands with RF voltage is observed to vary as a function of the Bessel function of modulation index. It provides an estimate of the atomic polarizability in the medium, which for 54S1/254S_{1/2}54S1/2​ state, is found to be (h)⋅1.01×108(h)\cdot1.01\times10^8(h)⋅1.01×108 Hz/(V/cm)2\text{Hz/(V/cm)}^2Hz/(V/cm)2.
The large electric dipole moment of the Rydberg atom allows for strong coupling with weak electric fields, and is widely used in electric field measurements because of its reproducibility, precision and stability. The combination of Rydberg atoms and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technology has been used for detecting and characterizing radio-frequency (RF) electric fields. In this work, by selecting probe light (852 nm), dressed light (1470 nm), and coupled light (780 nm), the Rydberg state (49P3/2) of Cs atom is prepared by using a three-photon excitation scheme through using all-infrared light excitation of Rydberg atoms. We experimentally observe the EIT spectra of the Rydberg states decorated by radio-frequency electric fields, which optically detects Rydberg atoms. The effect of the amplitude and frequency of the RF electric field on the spectrum is explored in light of changes in the EIT spectrum. The results show that in the region of weak electric field, only the ac Stark energy shift and spectral broadening occur. As the electric field is further enhanced, the sideband phenomenon occurs in both the primary peak and secondary peak of the EIT. In the region of strong field, the Rydberg energy level produces a series of Floquet states with higher-order terms, as well as state shifting and mixing, resulting in asymmetry in the spectra of the EIT sideband peaks. The effect of frequency on the shielding effect of the Cs vapor cell is further discussed based on the shift of the main peak of the EIT. The demodulation of the electric field in a range of 50 Hz–1 kHz with a fidelity of 95% is achieved by modulating the low-frequency electric field to the RF electric field. The results can provide valuable references for spectral detection and traceable measurements of low-frequency electric fields.
We measure strong radio-frequency (RF) electric fields using rubidium Rydberg atoms prepared in a room-temperature vapor cell as field sensors. Electromagnetically induced transparency is employed as an optical readout. We RF-modulate the and Rydberg states with 50 and 100 MHz fields, respectively. For weak to moderate RF fields, the Rydberg levels become Stark-shifted, and sidebands appear at even multiples of the driving frequency. In high fields, the adjacent hydrogenic manifold begins to intersect the shifted levels, providing rich spectroscopic structure suitable for precision field measurements. A quantitative description of strong-field level modulation and mixing of S and D states with hydrogenic states is provided by Floquet theory. Additionally, we estimate the shielding of DC electric fields in the interior of the glass vapor cell.
The radio-frequency modulated electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a ladder three-level system with Rydberg state is studied. Under the influence of a fast radio-frequency field, the EIT peak splits into a series of sidebands. When attaching a power-frequency electric field directly to the fast radio-frequency field, the odd-order sidebands of the Rydberg-EIT oscillate sensitively with the power-frequency field. The oscillation frequency is equal to twice the power frequency; the oscillation amplitude is monotonically increasing with the amplitude of the power-frequency field when the change of Stark-shift is smaller than the radio frequency. Our work paves the way for measurement of power-frequency electric field based on Rydberg atoms.