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AIP conference proceedings

New design of NTRU key using QKD variants

Saba Alaa Abdulwahhab, Qasim Mohammed Hussien, Imad Fakhri Taha Alshaikhli

Published Jan 1, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

As life developed, cryptography became crucial.As its utility is not limited to changing the structure of information and making it difficult to interpret (even if it reaches unauthorized individuals), it proves that the information is real from its source and has not been modified during the transmitting or saving process.In this research modifying the NTRU (Number Theory Research Unit) cryptosystem by employing QKD (quantum key distribution) to change the mathematical structure with a physical structure for the public as well as text encryption and decryption.As a result, to obtain higher security to detect EAV and automatically change the key if EAV detects and intercepts the data when the transmutation between ALICE and BOB is quantummechanically approved, the laws of quantum mechanics can be used to make cryptographic protocols that are always safe. METHODIn this section presented the basic algorithms QKD and NTRU which will be used primarily in our scheme, and then attempted to demonstrate in both algorithms, finally displaying and approving a new scheme:

DOI
10.1063/5.0194518

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As life developed, cryptography became crucial.As its utility is not limited to changing the structure of information and making it difficult to interpret (even if it reaches unauthorized individuals), it proves that the information is real from its source and has not been modified during the transmitting or saving process.In this research modifying the NTRU (Number Theory Research Unit) cryptosystem by employing QKD (quantum key distribution) to change the mathematical structure with a physical structure for the public as well as text encryption and decryption.As a result, to obtain higher security to detect EAV and automatically change the key if EAV detects and intercepts the data when the transmutation between ALICE and BOB is quantummechanically approved, the laws of quantum mechanics can be used to make cryptographic protocols that are always safe. METHODIn this section presented the basic algorithms QKD and NTRU which will be used primarily in our scheme, and then attempted to demonstrate in both algorithms, finally displaying and approving a new scheme:
Number theory research unit (NTRU) become the most important of securi-ty in recent, with its modification of their variant, this paper search of the literature and A number of studies have examined the in public key variant development and security. In general, prior work is limited to a subset of public key increasing complexity but the benefits of speed up encryption/ decryption have not been fully established. So this paper will be the basis for those who want to develop and find proposed solutions for new studies of the NTRU algorithm. This paper aims to develop a framework to investigate the NTRU development, had been discovered that despite its development over the years and even its acceptance in round three of post quantum cryptograph, then found that limit study in the new scope of quantum facility and the ability of hybrid of new study.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) which is the name of cryptography in quantum environment act as the highest developed area in quantum communication and computing technology (QCIT). \n \nQKD is inventive technology which utilize the laws of quantum to create a cryptographic share key to make the communication system secure. The unique feature of QKD assures eavesdropping detectable during quantum communications which is fascinating for a high-level secure environment.Most of the traditional cryptographic methods which we use currently are based on mathematical scheme or Computational complexity theory which are not completely safe. Using quantum cryptography has been achieved extensive steps in communication security establishment. As the information Unit has been changed from “bit” to Quantum bit (Qubit), a new element has been offered that can guarantee the shared information confidentiality between parties. The confidentiality of system is established via exchanging a secret key through a channel of quantum, the key which we use for encrypting the shared data. This structure has quantum integration which has been developed by physics law and techniques of cryptography. \n \nThis thesis has proposed a modified version of QKD protocol, this new protocol will generate a cryptographic share key for a more efficient, lower cost and secure communication between two parties (sender and Receiver). This new protocol principal is similar to BBM92, but the source of photon moved to sender instead of third-party photon generator, following steps will be executed in this Experiment: \n \n•\tObserve different categories protocols of QKD in details \n•\tThe Quantum Mechanics Visualisation Project (QuVis) is the simulation software that has been used for implementing the proposed protocol [BB84 with spin] among the other three (BBM92, B92 and BB84). \n•\tProbability ratio of error will be tested and compared for all protocols, for this experiment 100 to 5000 photons will be sent. \n \nBy Analysing collected data in this experiment, it will be determined which one of this four protocols lead the detecting of eavesdropping. Simulation software accomplishes the value of error key probability which receiver can use and should not pass over the range limit of 0.25 & 0.5.
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.
In this paper we report a more secure and efficient encryption algorithm based on the NTRU cryptographic scheme.NTRU is lattice based scheme resistant to quantum computing, hence it falls under the class of post quantum cryptosystems.It is based on shortest vector problem (svp) [9].The main characteristics of the system are low memory and low computational requirements but it provides high level of security.We present modifications in the NTRU scheme for making it more secure and efficient particul arly for applications in wireless and constrained devices.In the original scheme, repetitions in the plaintext message lead to repetitions in the cipher text, which is a source of weakness in the system.To overcome this problem each byte of the input has been digested with different operations that produce different encrypted text even for repeated content of the Plain text message.The second modification is enhancing the public key scheme that makes this system more robust.These two modifications in the NTRU scheme makes it secure even for use in the Quantum Computing environment.
Cryptographic design and analysis play a key role in securing communication through untrusted channels.This need is even more pronounced with the advent of cloud-centric environments.Symmetric encryption techniques can deliver high computational efficiencies only if the distribution and management of keys are secured.Public key cryptographic systems such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which have been the mainstay, are at risk due to arrival of quantum computers that can solve the integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems efficiently.Although post-quantum cryptography has made some breakthroughs, the lattice-based schemes still have to contend with difficulties such as heavy computation requirements, difficulty in choosing parameters, high power consumption, and low security-performance tradeoff.If lattices parameters are not properly set, they may not withstand lattice attacks and computational efficiency will also be degraded, limiting factor for their use in cloud environments.This study, in the quest for a solution, recommends the usage of N-th degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Units (NTRU) cryptosystem which is optimized by adjusting key parameters like lattice dimension (N), modulus (q), and small modulus (p) determining a Hermite factor (𝛿)-based approach.A metaheuristic optimization technique, Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEFO), is used to effectively balance security strength, correctness, and computational efficiency.Also, a new cryptographically strong and quantum-resistant key exchange capability is provided by the Improved Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (ISIDH) protocol.The experiments have shown method to have an encryption strength of 0.95, an average success rate of 93.47%, and reduced energy consumption of 0.00085, thereby proving its efficiency.
The secure transfer of keys between two parties, is one of the primary problems in cryptography. The possibility that the key can be manipulated or intercepted by way of an eavesdropper is the cause for the concern. A promising way to this problem is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). The secure distribution of keys that may be used to encrypt and decrypt messages is made feasible by this approach, which makes use of the idea of quantum mechanics. QKD offers a degree of protection that can not be done by means of classical cryptography techniques, and has remarkable capability for application in a scope of fields in which secure correspondence is crucial. QKD is a field of study that has brought various conventions pointed toward empowering the safe alternate of cryptographic keys between two parties, Alice and Bob. Two key protocols within this field are the BB84 which was designed by Bennett and Brassard and E91 which was proposed by Ekert. While other protocols have been developed, many draw inspiration from these two foundational approaches. We focused specifically on the E91 protocol and explored its potential for the safe transfer of entangled pairs within computer networks. This protocol utilizes entanglement between particles as a means of verifying the security of the key exchange. Our investigation centered around testing the entanglement swapping for two particles using the E91 protocol, with the aim of developing a novel method for the secure transmission of entangled pairs via computer networks. Our findings suggest promising avenues for future work in implementing secure entanglement swapping in practical applications.