Multi-party semiquantum key distribution with multi-qubit GHZ states

Tian-Jie Xu, Ying Chen, Mao-Jie Geng +1 more

Chaonan Wang, Mengyan Li, Binglin Wang +1 more

Jiang-Yuan Lian, Tian-Yu Ye

Abstract In this paper, by utilizing d -dimensional single-particle states, three semiquantum cryptography protocols, i.e., the multi-party semiquantum private comparison (MSQPC) protocol, the multi-party semiquantum multiplication (MSQM) protocol and the multi-party semiquantum summation (MSQS) protocol, can be achieved simultaneously under the assistance of two semi-honest quantum third parties (TPs). Here, the proposed MSQPC scheme is the only protocol which is devoted to judging the size relationship of secret integers from more than two semiquantum participants without a pre-shared key. And the proposed MSQM protocol absorbs the innovative concept of semiquantumness into quantum multiplication for the first time, which can calculate the modulo d multiplication of private inputs from more than two semiquantum users. As for the proposed MSQS protocol, it is the only semiquantum summation protocol which aims to accomplish the modulo d addition of more than three semiquantum users’ private integers. Neither quantum entanglement swapping nor unitary operations are necessary in the three proposed protocols. The security analysis verifies in detail that both the external attacks and the internal attacks can be resisted in the three proposed protocols.

Kongni Zhu, Nanrun Zhou, Yun-Qian Wang +1 more

Tian-Yu Ye, Xiao Tan

In this paper, a novel hybrid protocol for semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) and semiquantum secret sharing (SQSS) was constructed by using GHZ-like states. This protocol is capable of establishing two different private keys between one quantum party and two semiquantum parties respectively, and making two semiquantum parties share another private key of the quantum party in the meanwhile. The usages of delay lines, Pauli operations, Hadamard gates and quantum entanglement swapping are not required. Moreover, the semiquantum parties are not necessary to be equipped with any quantum memory. We validate in detail that this protocol resists various attacks from Eve, including the Trojan horse attacks, the entangle-measure attack, the double controlled-not (CNOT) attacks, the measure-resend attack and the intercept-resend attack. To our best knowledge, this protocol is the only protocol which possesses the functions of both SQKD and SQSS simultaneously until now.

Guang‐Bao Xu, Qiaoyan Wen, Fei Gao +1 more